Abstract
In an experimental process control simulation study two operators performed monitoring and control operations including safety critical tasks that required parallel processing of information distributed over different functional mimic displays. The assignment of mimic displays to Visual Display Units (VDUs) was experimentally varied by allowing one or two VDUs for mimic presentation. The study revealed no evidence for differences in task performance during normal process control operations. During abnormal operations, however, detrimental effects both on performance and work load were observed. Having only one VDU available for mimic display revealed either a lower level of performance (time for fault management) and/or a higher level of emotional work strain. It is concluded that decisions on the number of VDUs necessary for effective and efficient process control must refer to the tasks to be performed and the presentation of information necessary for a safe, effective and efficient task performance under critical, but not only normal conditions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
CEN (European Committee for Standardization) (2000a) Ergonomic principles related to mental work-load—part 1: general terms and definitions (EN ISO 10075-1:2000). European Committee for Standardization, Brussels
CEN (European Committee for Standardization) (2000b) Ergonomic principles related to mental workload—part 2: design principles (EN ISO 10075-2:2000). European Committee for Standardization, Brussels
CEN (European Committee for Standardization) (2000c) Safety of machinery—ergonomic design principles—part 2: interactions between the design of machinery and work tasks (EN 614-2:2000). European Committee for Standardization, Brussels
CEN (European Committee for Standardization) (2004a) Ergonomics principles in the design of work systems (EN ISO 6385:2004). European Committee for Standardization, Brussels
CEN (European Committee for Standardization) (2004b) Ergonomic design of control centres—part 4: layout and dimensions of workstations (EN ISO 11064-4:2004). European Committee for Standardization, Brussels
CEN (European Committee for Standardization) (2006) Ergonomics of human–system interaction—part 110: dialogue principles (EN ISO 9241-110:2006). European Committee for Standardization, Brussels
HSF (Health and Safety Framework) Directive (1989) Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work. Official Journal L-183-29/06/1989:0001-0008
Kramer AF (1993) Physiological metrics of mental workload: a review of recent progress. In: Ullsperger P (ed) Psychophysiology in mental workload. Haefner, Heidelberg, pp 2–34
Manzey D (1998) Psychophysiologie mentaler Beanspruchung. In: Rösler F (ed) Ergebnisse und Anwendungen der Psychophysiologie (Enzyklopädie der Psychologie, C/I/7). Hogrefe, Göttingen, pp 799–864
Meshkati N (2003) Control rooms’ design in industrial facilities. Hum Factors Ergon Manuf 13:269–277. doi:10.1002/hfm.10043
Moray N (1997) Human factors in process control. In: Salvendy G (ed) Handbook of human factors and ergonomics. Wiley, New York, pp 1944–1971
Nachreiner F (1989) Ingenieurpsychologische Ansätze zur Erhöhung der Zuverlässigkeit in automatisierten Produktionssystemen. In: Ludborzs B (ed) Bericht über den 4. Workshop ‘Psychologie der Arbeitssicherheit’. Asanger, Heidelberg, pp 59–69
Nachreiner F (1998) Ergonomics and standardization. In: Stellmann J (ed) ILO encyclopaedia of occupational health and safety, vol 1. International Labour Office, Geneva, pp 29.11–29.14
Nachreiner F, Nickel P, Meyer I (2006) Human factors in process control systems: the design of human-machine interfaces. Safety Science 44:5–26. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2005.09.003
Nickel P (2002) Psychische Beanspruchung und Herzfrequenzvariabilität. Sensitivität und Diagnostizität der 0,1 Hz-Komponente der Herzfrequenzvariabilität zur Erfassung psychischer Beanspruchung. Wirtschaftsverlag NW, Bremerhaven
Nickel P, Nachreiner F (2002) The suitability of the 0.1 Hz component of heart rate variability for the assessment of mental workload in real and simulated work situations. In: De Waard D, Brookhuis KA, Moraal J, Toffetti A (eds) Human factors in transportation, communication, health and the workplace. Shaker, Maastricht, pp 317–334
Nickel P, Nachreiner F (2003) Sensitivity and diagnosticity of the 0.1 Hz component of heart rate variability as an indicator of mental workload. Hum Factors 45:575–590. doi:10.1518/hfes.45.4.575.27094
Nickel P, Nachreiner F (2004) Ergonomic requirements for job aids—work documents for operators in chemical process control systems. In: De Waard D, Brookhuis KA, Weikert CM (eds) Human factors in design. Shaker, Maastricht, pp 289–302
Schmidtke H (1966) Überwachungs-, Kontroll- und Steuerungstätigkeiten. Beuth, Berlin
Sheridan TB (2006) Supervisory control. In: Salvendy G (ed) Handbook of human factors and ergonomics. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 1025–1052
VDU (Visual Display Units) Directive (1990) Council Directive 90/270/EEC of 29 May 1990 on the minimum safety and health requirements for work with display screen equipment. Official Journal L-156-21/06/1990:0014-0018
Wickens CD, Carswell CM (1995) The proximity compatibility principle: its psychological foundation and its relevance to display design. Hum Factors 37:473–494
Wickens CD, Hollands JG (2000) Engineering psychology and human performance. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River
Acknowledgements
The process control system in the laboratories of the Work and Organisational Psychology Unit, Universität Oldenburg, Germany, was funded by a HBFG and the state of Lower Saxonia, Germany. We would like to thank the participants from the Work and Organisational Psychology Unit for their assistance in carrying out these studies.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nickel, P., Nachreiner, F. Evaluation of presentation of information for process control operations. Cogn Tech Work 10, 23–30 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-007-0074-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-007-0074-z