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Number is special: time, space, and number interact in a temporal reproduction task

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Abstract

Space, time, and number are among fundamental aspects of behavior and reasoning about the environment. Recent studies have shown that these dimensions highly interact with each other. To explain such interaction, two theories have been proposed: A Theory of Magnitude (ATOM), which posits the existence of a common magnitude system, and Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), which proposes abstract domains such as time and number are mapped through more concrete domains such as space. The present study investigates the interaction of number, time and space in a single experimental paradigm using a temporal reproduction task with a visuospatial component. We also investigated whether mathematical education and continuous involvement with calculations and numbers change the processing precision related to number, time, and space. Two groups of students in mathematics (n = 28) and Persian literature (n = 28) participated in a time reproduction task. The stimuli included Arabic numbers 1, 2, 8, and 9, which were presented to the participants over short (300, 400, 500 ms) and long durations (1000, 1100, 1200 ms) on both sides (left and right) of the monitor. The interaction effect of spatialـnumerical and temporal-numerical was found to be significant. There was no overall time–space interaction, but the triple interaction effect between number, time, and space was significant suggesting the existence of a common representational system. This main result was slightly in line with recent proposed theories. Furthermore, the results showed that the main effect of group was not significant. In addition, we found that among the three factors (number, time, and space) the effect of number is more prominent, i.e., when number disappeared the interaction effect was not observed. The results also suggest that the nature of interactions between these factors is not influenced by cognitive and educational factors. The findings of the study are finally discussed in terms of symmetrical or asymmetrical cross-dimensional influences within the frameworks of ATOM and CMT theories.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Ali Jahan for assistance in task creation and all participants who took part in the experiment.

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This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. This paper is extracted from MA dissertation of the first author.

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  1. Department of Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

    Somayyeh Nourouzi Mehlabani

  2. Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

    Saied Sabaghypour & Mohammad Ali Nazari

  3. Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Exp.Way, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad Ali Nazari

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  1. Somayyeh Nourouzi Mehlabani
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Nourouzi Mehlabani, S., Sabaghypour, S. & Nazari, M.A. Number is special: time, space, and number interact in a temporal reproduction task. Cogn Process 21, 449–459 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-020-00968-6

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