Skip to main content
Log in

Complexity, bounds and dynamic programming algorithms for single track train scheduling

  • S.I.: OR in Transportation
  • Published:
Annals of Operations Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this work we consider the single track train scheduling problem. The problem consists of scheduling a set of trains from opposite sides along a single track. The track has intermediate stations and the trains are only allowed to pass each other at those stations. Traversal times of the trains on the blocks between the stations only depend on the block lengths but not on the train. This problem is a special case of minimizing the makespan in job shop scheduling with two counter routes and no preemption. We develop a lower bound on the makespan of the train scheduling problem which provides us with an easy solution method in some special cases. Additionally, we prove that for a fixed number of blocks the problem can be solved in pseudo-polynomial time.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Babushkin, A. I., Bashta, A. A., & Belov, I. S. (1974). Scheduling for the problem with oppositely directed routes. Kibernetika, 7, 130–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Babushkin, A. I., Bashta, A. A., & Belov, I. S. (1977). Scheduling for problems of counterroutes. Cybernetics and Systems Analysis, 13(4), 611–617.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balas, E. (1969). Machine sequencing via disjunctive graphs: An implicit enumeration algorithm. Operations Research, 17(6), 941–957.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bersani, C., Qiu, S., Sacile, R., Sallak, M., & Schn, W. (2015). Rapid, robust, distributed evaluation and control of train scheduling on a single line track. Control Engineering Practice, 35, 12–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borndörfer, R., Erol, B., Graffagnino, T., Schlechte, T., & Swarat, E. (2014). Optimizing the simplon railway corridor. Annals of Operations Research, 218(1), 93–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brucker, P., Heitmann, S., & Knust, S. (2005). Scheduling railway traffic at a construction site. In G. Hans-Otto & H. K. Kap (Eds.), Container terminals and automated transport systems. Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, S., & Karasik, P. (2010). A note on nested sums. Journal of Integer Sequences, 13(2), 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cacchiani, V., & Toth, P. (2012). Nominal and robust train timetabling problems. European Journal of Operational Research, 219(3), 727–737.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlier, J. (1982). The one-machine sequencing problem. European Journal of Operational Research, 11(1), 42–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castillo, E., Gallego, I., Ureña, J. M., & Coronado, J. M. (2009). Timetabling optimization of a single railway track line with sensitivity analysis. TOP, 17(2), 256–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, B., Potts, C., & Woeginger, G. (1998). A review of machine scheduling: Complexity, algorithms and approximability. In Handbook of combinatorial optimization (pp. 1492–1641). Springer.

  • Cordeau, J.-F., Toth, P., & Vigo, D. (1998). A survey of optimization models for train routing and scheduling. Transportation Science, 32(4), 380–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cormen, T. H., Leiserson, C. E., Rivest, R. L., & Stein, C. (2001). Introduction to algorithms (Vol. 2). Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Disser, Y., Klimm, M., & Lübbecke, E. (2015). Scheduling bidirectional traffic on a path. In M. M. Halldórsson, K. Iwama, N. Kobayashi, & B. Speckmann (Eds.), Automata, languages, and programming: 42nd international colloquium, ICALP 2015, Kyoto, Japan, July 6–10, 2015, Proceedings, Part I (pp. 406–418). Berlin: Springer.

  • Dushin, B. I. (1988). An algorithm for the solution of the two-route johnson problem. Cybernetics and Systems Analysis, 24(3), 336–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, O. (1966). Two-way traffic on a single line of railway. Operations Research, 14(5), 801–811.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garey, M. R., Johnson, D. S., & Sethi, R. (1976) .The complexity of flowshop and jobshop scheduling. Mathematics of Operations Research, 1(2), 117–129.

  • Gonzalez, T. (1982). Unit execution time shop problems. Mathematics of Operations Research, 7(1), 57–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, A., Kozan, E., & Ferreira, L. (1996). Optimal scheduling of trains on a single line track. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 30(2), 147–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, E., Kozan, A., & Ferreira, L. (1997). Heuristic techniques for single line train scheduling. Journal of Heuristics, 3(1), 43–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hromkovič, J., Mömke, T., Steinhöfel, K., & Widmayer, P. (2007) . Job shop scheduling with unit length tasks: Bounds and algorithms. Algorithmic Operations Research, 2(1), 1–14.

  • Jackson, J. R. (1956). An extension of Johnson’s result on job IDT scheduling. Naval Research Logistics Quarterly, 3(3), 201–203.

  • Janić, M. (1984). Single track line capacity model. Transportation Planning and Technology, 9(2), 135–151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kraay, D., Harker, P. T., & Chen, B. (1991). Optimal pacing of trains in freight railroads: Model formulation and solution. Operations Research, 39(1), 82–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lenstra, J. K., & Kan, A. R. (1979). Computational complexity of discrete optimization problems. Annals of Discrete Mathematics, 4, 121–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lübbecke, E. (2015). On-and offline scheduling of bidirectional traffic. Berlin: Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lübbecke, E., Lübbecke, M. E., & Möhring, R. H. (2014). Ship traffic optimization for the kiel canal. Technical Report 4681. (Optimization Online).

  • Manne, A. S. (1960). On the job-shop scheduling problem. Operations Research, 8(2), 219–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mesa, J. A., Ortega, F. A., & Pozo, M. A. (2014). Locating optimal timetables and vehicle schedules in a transit line. Annals of Operations Research, 222(1), 439–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, E. R. (1974). Over-the-road transit time for a single track railway. Transportation Science, 8(1), 65–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman, S. A. A. (2013). Freight train scheduling on a single line network. Ph.D. thesis, The University of New South Wales.

  • Šemrov, D., Marsetič, R., Žura, M., Todorovski, L., & Srdic, A. (2016). Reinforcement learning approach for train rescheduling on a single-track railway. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 86, 250–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sevast’janov, S. V. (1994). On some geometric methods in scheduling theory: a survey. Discrete Applied Mathematics, 55(1), 59–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simons, B. (1978). A fast algorithm for single processor scheduling. In IEEE symposium on foundations of computer science (FOCS) (pp. 246–252).

  • Sotskov, Y. N., & Gholami, O. (2012). Shifting bottleneck algorithm for train scheduling in a single-track railway. IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 45(6), 87–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, L., Li, K., & Gao, Z. (2009). Train timetable problem on a single-line railway with fuzzy passenger demand. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 17(3), 617–629.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, L., Gao, Z., & Li, K. (2010). Passenger train scheduling on a single-track or partially double-track railway with stochastic information. Engineering Optimization, 42(11), 1003–1022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, X., & Zhong, M. (2007). Single-track train timetabling with guaranteed optimality: Branch-and-bound algorithms with enhanced lower bounds. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 41(3), 320–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors were partially funded by the DFG under Grant Number SCHO1140/3-2 and by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7-PEOPLE-2009-IRSES) under Grant Number 246647 with the New Zealand Government (project OptALI). We also thank the Simulationswissenschaftliches Zentrum Clausthal-Göttingen (SWZ) for financial support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jonas Harbering.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Harbering, J., Ranade, A., Schmidt, M. et al. Complexity, bounds and dynamic programming algorithms for single track train scheduling. Ann Oper Res 273, 479–500 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-017-2644-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-017-2644-7

Keywords

Navigation