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Automated detection of retinal health using PHOG and SURF features extracted from fundus images

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Abstract

Many health-related problems arise with aging. One of the diseases that is prevalent among the elderly is the loss of sight. Various eye diseases, namely age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and glaucoma are the prime causes of vision loss as we grow old. Nevertheless, early detection of such eye diseases can impede the progression of this problem. Therefore, the elderly are encouraged to attend regular eye checkups for early detection of eye diseases. However, it is time-consuming and laborious to conduct a mass eye screening session frequently. Hence, we proposed a novel approach to develop an automated retinal health screening system in this work. This paper discusses a retinal screening system to automatically differentiate normal image from abnormal (AMD, DR, and glaucoma) fundus images. The fundus images are subjected to the pyramid histogram of oriented gradients (PHOG) and speeded up robust features (SURF) techniques. Then, the extracted data are subjected to adaptive synthetic sampling to balance the number of data in the two classes (normal and abnormal). Subsequently, we employed the canonical correlation analysis approach to fuse the highly-correlated features extracted from the two (PHOG and SURF) descriptors. We have achieved 96.21% accuracy, 95.00% sensitivity, and 97.42% specificity with ten-fold cross-validation strategy using k-nearest neighbor (kNN) classifier. This novel algorithm has high potential in the diagnosis of normal eyes during the mass eye screening session or in polyclinics quickly and reliably. Hence, the patients having abnormal eyes can be sent to the main hospitals which will reduce the workload for the ophthalmologists.

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Acknowledgements

Authors would like to thank the Social Innovation Research Fund (Project Title: Automated Eye Screening: A Direct Approach for Referral), Singapore for providing us a grant for this research. We would also like to express our sincere thanks to Manipal University, Manipal, India for providing us the images for this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore, 599489, Singapore

    Joel E. W. Koh & U. Rajendra Acharya

  2. School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore

    Joel E. W. Koh & Eddie Y. K. Ng

  3. Department of Ophthalmology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, 576104, India

    Sulatha V. Bhandary

  4. National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, 308433, Singapore

    Augustinus Laude

  5. Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Science and Technology, SUSS University, Singapore, 599491, Singapore

    U. Rajendra Acharya

  6. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    U. Rajendra Acharya

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  1. Joel E. W. Koh
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  3. Sulatha V. Bhandary
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Correspondence to Joel E. W. Koh.

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Koh, J.E.W., Ng, E.Y.K., Bhandary, S.V. et al. Automated detection of retinal health using PHOG and SURF features extracted from fundus images. Appl Intell 48, 1379–1393 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-017-1048-3

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