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Introducing the Gab Hate Corpus: defining and applying hate-based rhetoric to social media posts at scale

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Abstract

We present the Gab Hate Corpus (GHC), consisting of 27,665 posts from the social network service gab.com, each annotated for the presence of “hate-based rhetoric” by a minimum of three annotators. Posts were labeled according to a coding typology derived from a synthesis of hate speech definitions across legal precedent, previous hate speech coding typologies, and definitions from psychology and sociology, comprising hierarchical labels indicating dehumanizing and violent speech as well as indicators of targeted groups and rhetorical framing. We provide inter-annotator agreement statistics and perform a classification analysis in order to validate the corpus and establish performance baselines. The GHC complements existing hate speech datasets in its theoretical grounding and by providing a large, representative sample of richly annotated social media posts.

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Notes

  1. We will use “hate speech” to refer to the broad set of tasks in this category, including abusive and toxic language.

  2. Available as version 1 of the preprint at https://psyarxiv.com/hqjxn/.

  3. https://hatebase.org/.

  4. https://files.pushshift.io/gab/.

  5. https://osf.io/edua3/.

  6. https://github.com/huggingface/transformers.

  7. See https://github.com/ufoym/imbalanced-dataset-sampler.

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Funding

This research was sponsored by NSF CAREER BCS-1846531 to MD.

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  1. Aida Azatian, Alyzeh Hussain, Austin Lara, Gabriel Cardenas, Adam Omary, Christina Park, Xin Wang, Clarisa Wijaya and Yong Zhang have contributed equally to this study.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA

    Brendan Kennedy, Aida Mostafazadeh Davani, Leigh Yeh, Ali Omrani, Shreya Havaldar & Morteza Dehghani

  2. Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA

    Mohammad Atari, Yehsong Kim, Gwenyth Portillo-Wightman, Elaine Gonzalez, Joe Hoover, Aida Azatian, Alyzeh Hussain, Austin Lara, Gabriel Cardenas, Adam Omary, Christina Park, Xin Wang, Clarisa Wijaya, Yong Zhang, Beth Meyerowitz & Morteza Dehghani

  3. Gould School of Law and Department of Political Science & International Relations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA

    Kris Coombs Jr.

  4. 362 S. McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-161, USA

    Brendan Kennedy

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Kennedy, B., Atari, M., Davani, A.M. et al. Introducing the Gab Hate Corpus: defining and applying hate-based rhetoric to social media posts at scale. Lang Resources & Evaluation 56, 79–108 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-021-09569-x

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