Abstract
The Information and Communication Technology sector is considered to be a major consumer of energy and has become an active participant in Green House Gas emissions. Lots of efforts have been devoted to make network infrastructure and network protocols power-aware and green. Among these efforts, Adaptive Link Rate (ALR) is one of the most widely discussed approaches. This survey highlights the most recent ALR approaches with a brief taxonomy and the state of the art.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agarwal, Y., Hodges, S., Chandra, R., Scott, J., Bahl, P., Gupta, R.: Somniloquy: augmenting network interfaces to reduce PC energy usage. In: Proceedings of the 6th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI’09), Apr. 2009
Al-Fares, M., Loukissas, A., Vahdat, A.: A scalable, commodity data center network architecture. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2008 Conference on Data Communication (SIGCOMM’08), August 2008, pp. 63–74 (2008)
Allman, M., Christensen, K., Nordman, B., Paxson, V.: Enabling an energy-efficient future internet through selectively connected end systems. In: Proceedings of the Sixth ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks (HotNets’07), Nov. 2007
Anand, H., Reardon, C., Subramaniyan, R., George, A.: Ethernet Adaptive Link Rate (ALR): analysis of a MAC handshake protocol. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN’06), Nov. 2006, pp. 533–534 (2006)
Ananthanarayanan, G., Katz, R.H.: Greening the switch. In: Proceedings of the USENIX Workshop on Power Aware Computing and Systems (HotPower’08), Dec. 2008
Aziz, M.A., Khan, S.U., Loukopoulos, T., Bouvry, P., Li, H., Li, J.: An overview of achieving energy efficiency in on-chip networks. Int. J. Commun. Netw. Distrib. Syst. 5(4), 444–458 (2010)
Baliga, J., Hinton, K., Tucker, R.S.: Energy consumption of the internet. In: Joint International Conference on Optical Internet, 2007 and the 32nd Australian Conference on Optical FibreTechnology (COIN-ACOFT’07), June 2007, pp. 1–3 (2007)
Beloglazov, A., Buyya, R., Lee, Y., Zomaya, A.: A taxonomy and survey of energy-efficient data centers and cloud computing systems. Adv. Comput. 82, 47–111 (2011)
Bertoldi, P., Atanasiu, B.: Electricity consumption and efficiency trends in the enlarged European Union. Technical report EUR 22753EN, Institute for Environment and Sustainability (2007)
Bianzino, A., Chaudet, C., Rossi, D., Rougier, J.-L.: “Energy-Awareness in network dimensioning: a fixed charge network flow formulation. In: International Conference on Energy-Efficient Computing and Networking (e-Energy’10), April 2010
Bianzino, P., Chaudet, C., Rossi, D., Rougier, J.: A survey of green networking research. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. (2012, in press)
Bohr, M.: A 30 year retrospective on Dennard’s MOSFET scaling paper. IEEE Solid-State Circuits Soc. Newslett. 12(1), 11–13 (2007)
Bolla, R., Bruschi, R., Cianfrani, A., Listanti, M.: Enabling backbone networks to sleep. IEEE Netw. 25(2), 26–31 (2011)
Bolla, R., Bruschi, R., Davoli, F., Cucchietti, F.: Energy efficiency in the future Internet: a survey of existing approaches and trends in energy-aware fixed network infrastructures. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 13(4) (2011)
Bolla, R., Bruschi, R., Christensen, K., Cucchietti, F., Davoli, F., Singh, S.: The potential impact of green technologies in next generation wireline networks—is there room for energy savings optimization? IEEE Commun. (2012, to appear)
Bronk, C., Lingamneni, A., Palem, K.: Innovation for sustainability in information and communication technologies (ICT). Internal report, Rice University. http://www.rice.edu/nationalmedia/multimedia/2010-10-11-ictreport.pdf. Accessed Nov. 07, 2011
Brown, R., Masanet, E., Nordman, B., Tschudi, B.: Report to Congress on server and data center energy efficiency: public law 109-431 (2008)
Callegari, C., Garroppo, R., Giordano, S., Nencioni, G.: A new Markov model for evaluating the ALR dual-threshold policy. In: Proceedings of GLOBECOM Workshop, pp. 1–5 (2009)
Carrier Sense: Multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) access method and physical layer specifications. http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.3-2008_section2.pdf. Accessed Nov. 07, 2011
Chabarek, J., Sommers, J., Barford, P., Estan, C., Tsiang, D., Wright, S.: Power awareness in network design and routing. In: Proceedings of the 27th IEEE Annual Conference on Computer Communications. (INFOCOM’08), Apr. 2008, pp. 457–465 (2008)
Chen, B., Jamieson, K., Balakrishnan, H., Morris, R.: Span: an energy-efficient coordination algorithm for topology maintenance in ad hoc wireless networks. ACM Wireless Netw. 8(5) (2002)
Chiaraviglio, L., Mellia, M., Neri, F.: Reducing power consumption in backbone networks. In: IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC ’09), June 2009, pp. 1–6 (2009)
Chiaraviglio, L., Mellia, M., Neri, F.: Energy-aware backbone networks: a case-study. In: Proceedings of First International Workshop on Green Communications (GreenComm’09) (2009)
Christensen, K., Gunaratne, C., Nordman, B., George, A.D.: The next frontier for communications networks: power management. Comput. Commun. 27(18), 1758–1770 (2004)
Christensen, K., Reviriego, P., Nordman, B., Bennett, M., Mostowfi, M., Maestro, J.A.: IEEE 802.3az: the road to energy efficient Ethernet. IEEE Commun. Mag. 48(11), 50–56 (2010)
Cisco EnergyWise: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps10195/index.html. Accessed Nov. 07, 2011
Daniels, G., Greene, L., Carr, S.: Planet Green, ICT for a Low-carbon Future. Decisive Media Limited, London (2010)
Energy Efficient Ethernet IEEE 802.3az: http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.3az-2010.pdf. Accessed Nov. 07, 2011
Energy Star Computer Specification: http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=revisions.computer_servers. Accessed Nov. 07, 2011
EU FP7 ICT-AIM: a novel architecture for modelling, virtualising and managing the energy consumption of household appliances (Jun 2008–May 2010). http://www.ict-aim.eu. Accessed Nov. 07, 2011
Fisher, W., Suchara, M., Rexford, J.: Greening backbone networks: reducing energy consumption by shutting off cables in bundled links. In: Proceedings of 1st ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Green Networking (SIGCOMM’10), August 2010
Fouli, K., Maier, M.: The road to carrier-grade Ethernet. IEEE Commun. Mag. 47(3), 30–38 (2009)
Gartner, G.: Says data centers account for 23 per cent of global ICT CO2 emissions. Press release, 11 October 2007, http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=530912. Accessed Nov. 7, 2011
Ginis, G.: Low power modes for ADSL2 and ADSL2+. Broadband Communications Group, Texas Instruments, SPAA021, January 2005
Global Action Plan, An Inefficient Truth, Global Action Plan Report (2007). http://globalactionplan.org.uk. Accessed Nov. 7, 2011
Godfrey, P.B., Ratajczak, D.: Naps: scalable, robust topology management in wireless ad hoc networks. In: Proceedings of the 3rd international Symposium on information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN’04), Apr. 2004
Gothenberg, A.: Japan’s New generation network—beyond next generation network, Swedish institute for growth policy studies (2011). http://www.itps.se/Archive/Documents/Swedish/Publikationer/Rapporter/PM-serien/2009/2009001%20webb.pdf. Accessed Nov. 07, 2011
Greenberg, A., Hamilton, J., Maltz, D., Patel, P.: The cost of a cloud: research problems in data center networks. Comput. Commun. Rev. 39(1), 68–79 (2009)
Gu, L., Stankovic, J.: Radio-triggered wake-up for wireless sensor networks. Real-Time Syst. 29, 157–182 (2005)
Guichard, J., Faucheur, F.L., Vasseur, J.P.: Definitive MPLS Network Designs. Cisco Press, Indianapolis (2005)
Gunaratne, C., Christensen, K., Nordman, B.: Managing energy consumption costs in desktop PCs and LAN switches with proxying, split TCP connections and scaling of link speed. Int. J. Netw. Manag. 15, 297–310 (2005)
Gunaratne, C., Christensen, K., Suen, S.W.: Ethernet Adaptive Link Rate (ALR): analysis of a buffer threshold policy. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM’06), San Francisco, California, USA, Nov. 2006
Gunaratne, C., Christensen, K., Nordman, B., Suen, S.: Reducing the energy consumption of Ethernet with Adaptive Link Rate (ALR). IEEE Trans. Comput. 57, 448–461 (2008)
Guo, C., Lu, G., Wang, H.J., Yang, S., Kong, C., Sun, P., Wu, W., Zhang, Y.: SecondNet: A data center network virtualization architecture with bandwidth guarantees. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference (Co-NEXT ’10), pp. 1–12 (2010)
Gupta, M., Singh, S.: Greening of the internet. In: Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communications (SIGCOMM’03), Aug. 2003, pp. 19–26 (2003)
Gupta, M., Singh, S.: Using low-power modes for energy conservation in Ethernet LANs. In: Proceedings of the 26th Annual IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM’07), May 2007, pp. 2451–2455 (2007)
Gupta, M., Singh, S.: Dynamic Ethernet link shutdown for energy conservation on Ethernet links. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC’07), June 2007, pp. 6156–6161 (2007)
Gupta, M., Grover, S., Singh, S.: A feasibility study for power management in LAN switches. In: Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP’04), Oct. 2004, pp. 361–371 (2004)
Heller, B., Seetharaman, S., Mahadevan, P., Yiakoumis, Y., Sharma, P., Banerjee, S., McKeown, N.: ElasticTree: saving energy in data center networks. In: Proceedings of the 7th USENIX Symposium on Networked System Design and Implementation (NSDI’10), April 2010, pp. 249–264 (2010)
Herrería-Alonso, Rodríguez-Pérez, M., Fernández-Veiga, M., López-García, C.: Opportunistic power saving algorithms for Ethernet devices. Comput. Netw. 55(9), 2051–2064 (2011)
Hlavacs, H., Da Costa, G., Pierson, J.M.: Energy consumption of residential and professional switches. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering (CSE’09), Aug. 2009, pp. 240–246 (2009)
Horvath, T., Abdelzaher, T., Skadron, K., Liu, X.: Dynamic voltage scaling in multitier web servers with end-to-end delay control. IEEE Trans. Comput. 56(4), 444–458 (2007)
Huong, T., Schlosser, D., Nam, P., Jarschel, M., Thanh, N., Pries, R.: ECODANE—reducing energy consumption in data center networks based on traffic engineering. In: 11th Würzburg Workshop on IP: Joint ITG and Euro-NF Workshop Visions of Future Generation Networks (EuroView2011), Aug. 2011
Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade & Industry (METI), The Green-IT project. http://www.meti.go.jp/english/policy/GreenITInitiativeInJapan.pdf. Accessed Nov 07, 2011
Jimeno, M., Christensen, K.: A prototype power management proxy for gnutella peer-to-peer file sharing. In: Proceedings of the 32nd IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN’07), Oct. 2007
Kabir Chowdhury, N.M., Boutaba, R.: A survey of network virtualization. Tech. Rep. CS-2008-25, University of Waterloo, Oct. 2008
Khan, S.U., Wang, L., Yang, L., Xia, F.: Green computing and communications. J. Supercomput. (2011). doi:10.1007/s11227-011-0718-x
Khan, S.U., Zeadally, S., Bouvry, P., Chilamkurti, N.: Green Networks. J. Supercomput. (2012). doi:10.1007/s11227-011-0640-2
Kong, Z., Yeh, E.M.: Distributed energy management algorithm for Large-Scale wireless sensor networks. In: Proceedings of the 8th ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHoc’07), Sep. 2007
Koomey, J.G.: Estimating total power consumption by servers in the U.S. and the world. Technical report, Stanford University (2007)
Koomey, J.: Worldwide electricity used in data centers. Environ. Res. Lett. 3(3) (2008)
Lee, C., Young Eun, D.: Smart sleep: sleep more to reduce delay in duty-cycled wireless sensor networks. In: 30th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM’11), Apr. 2011
Lombardo, A., Panarello, C., Schembra, G.: Achieving energy savings and QoS in internet access routers. ACM SIGMETRICS Perform. Eval. Rev. 38(3) (2010)
Mahadevan, P., Sharma, P., Banerjee, S., Ranganathan, P.: Energy aware network operations. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Global Internet Symposium, Apr. 2009
Masanet, R., Brown, R., Shehabi, A., Koomey, J., Nordman, B.: Estimating the energy use and efficiency potential of U.S. data centers. Proc. IEEE 99(8), 1440–1453 (2011)
Matthews, H., Hendrickson, C., Chong, H., Loh, W.: Energy impacts of wired and wireless networks. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, May 2002, pp. 44–48 (2002)
Meisner, D., Gold, B.T., Wenisch, T.F.: PowerNap: eliminating server idle power. In: Proceeding of the 14th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems (ASPLOS’09), Mar. 2009, pp. 205–216 (2009)
Meng, X., Pappas, V., Zhang, L.: Improving the scalability of data center networks with Traffic-aware virtual machine placement. In: Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM, 2010 (INFOCOM’10), March 2010, pp. 1–9 (2010)
Mysore, R., Pamboris, A., Farrington, N., Huang, N., Miri, P., Radhakrishnan, S., Subramanya, V., Vahdat, A.: Portland: a scalable fault-tolerant layer 2 data center network fabric. Comput. Commun. Rev. 39(4), 39–50 (2009)
Nanda, S., Chiueh, T.C.: A survey on virtualization technologies. Tech. Rep. TR179, Department of Computer Science, SUNY at Stony Brook (2005)
Nedevschi, S., Popa, L., Iannaccone, G., Ratnasamy, S., Wetherall, D.: Reducing network energy consumption via sleeping and Rate-Adaptation. In: Proceedings of the 5th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NDSI’08), Apr. 2008, pp. 323–336 (2008)
Nedevschi, S., Chandrashekar, J., Liu, J., Nordman, B., Ratnasamy, S., Taft, N.: Skilled in the art of being idle: reducing energy waste in networked systems. In: Proceedings of the 6th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI’09), Apr. 2009
Nordman, B.: What the real world tells us about saving energy in electronics. In: Proceedings of 1st Berkeley Symposium on Energy Efficient Electronic Systems (E3S), May 2009
Nordman, B.: EEE savings estimate, May 2007. http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/3/eee_study/public/may07/nordman_2_0507.pdf. Accessed Nov. 07, 2011
Ogasawara, A.: Energy issues confronting the information and communication sector. Science & Technology Trends, Quarterly Review, No. 21, Oct. 2006
Pamlin, D., Szomol´anyi, K.: Saving the climate @ the speed of light. First roadmap for reduced CO2 emissions in the EU and beyond. World Wildlife Fund and European Telecommunications Network Operators’ Association, Apr. 2007
Panarello, C., Lombardo, A., Schembra, G., Chiaraviglio, L., Mellia, M.: Energy saving and network performance: a Trade-off approach. In: Proceedings of e-Energy 2010 (e-Energy’10), Apr. 2010
Patel-Predd, P.: Energy-efficient Ethernet. IEEE Spectr. 45(5), 13 (2008)
Pouwelse, J., Langendoen, K., Sips, H.: Energy priority scheduling for variable voltage processors. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low-Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED ’01), Aug. 2001
Purushothaman, P., Navada, M., Subramaniyan, R., Reardon, C., George, A.D.: Power-proxying on the NIC: a case study with the Gnutella file-sharing protocol. In: Proceedings of the 31st IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN’06), Nov. 2006, pp. 519–520 (2006)
Qureshi, A., Weber, R., Balakrishnan, H., Guttag, J., Maggs, B.: Cutting the electric bill for Internet-Scale systems. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Data Communication (SIGCOMM’09), Aug. 2009, pp. 123–134 (2009)
Raghavendra, R., Ranganathan, P., Talwar, V., Wang, Z., Zhu, X.: No power struggles: coordinated multi-level power management for the data center. Oper. Syst. Rev. 42(2), 48–59 (2008)
Shang, L., Peh, L.-S., Jha, N.: Dynamic voltage scaling with links for power optimization of interconnection networks. In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA’03), Feb. 2003, pp. 91–102 (2003)
Stage, A., Setzer, T.: Network-aware migration control and scheduling of differentiated virtual machine workloads. In: ICSE Workshop on Software Engineering Challenges of Cloud Computing (CLOUD ’09), May 2009, pp. 9–14 (2009)
The low Energy Consumption NETworks, (ECONET) project, IP project funded by the EC in ICT-Call 5 of the 7th Work-Programme, Grant agreement No. 258454. http://www.tnt.dist.unige.it/econet/. Accessed Nov. 07, 2011
The NeTS-FIND project: architectural support for selectively-connected end systems: enabling an energy-efficient future Internet, founded by NSF. Sept. 2007–Aug. 2009. http://www.winlab.rutgers.edu/docs/focus/CNF/. Accessed Nov. 07, 2011
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Data Center Report to Congress, Aug 2007, p. 130. http://tinyurl.com/2jz3ft. Accessed Nov. 7, 2011
Valentini, G.L., Lassonde, W., Khan, S.U., Min-Allah, N., Madani, S.A., Li, J., Zhang, L., Wang, L., Ghani, N., Kolodziej, J., Li, H., Zomaya, A.Y., Xu, C.-Z., Balaji, P., Vishnu, A., Pinel, F., Pecero, J.E., Kliazovich, D., Bouvry, P.: An overview of energy efficiency techniques in cluster computing systems. Cluster Comput. (2012). doi:10.1007/s10586-011-0171-x
Wang, L., Khan, S.U.: Review of performance metrics for green data centers: a taxonomy study. J. Supercomput. (2011). doi:10.1007/s11227-011-0704-3
Wang, L., Khan, S.U., Dayal, J.: Thermal aware workload placement with task-temperature profiles in a data center. J. Supercomput. (2012). doi:10.1007/s11227-011-0635-z
Webb, M.: Smart 2020: Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age. The Climate Group and Global e-Sustainability Initiative (2008)
Weiser, M., Welch, B., Demers, A., Shenker, S.: Scheduling for reduced CPU energy. In: Proceedings of the 1st USENIX Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI’94), Nov. 1994, pp. 13–23 (1994)
Wierman, A., Andrew, L., Tang, A.: Power-aware speed scaling in processor sharing systems. In: Proceedings of the 28th Annual IEEE Conference on Computer Communication (INFOCOM’09), Apr. 2009, pp. 2007–2015 (2009)
Ye, W., Heidemann, J.: Medium access control in wireless sensor networks. In: Raghavendra, C., Sivalingam, K., Znati, T. (eds.) Wireless Sensor Networks. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht (2004)
Zeadally, S., Khan, S.U., Chilamkurti, N.: Energy-efficient networking: past, present, and future. J. Supercomput. (2012). doi:10.1007/s11227-011-0632-2
Zhang, B., Sabhanatarajan, K., Gordon-Ross, A., George, A.: Real-time performance analysis of adaptive link rate. In: 33rd IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks, (LCN’08), pp. 282–288 (2008)
Zhang, M., Yi, C., Liu, B., Zhang, B.: GreenTE: power-aware traffic engineering. In: IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP’10), Oct. 2010, pp. 21–30 (2010)
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Saif ur Rehman, Osman Khalid, and Abdul Hameed for their valuable reviews, suggestions, and comments. Samee U. Khan’s work was partly supported by the Young International Scientist Fellowship of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, (Grant No. 2011Y2GA01).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bilal, K., Khan, S.U., Madani, S.A. et al. A survey on Green communications using Adaptive Link Rate. Cluster Comput 16, 575–589 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-012-0225-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-012-0225-8