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TPEL: Task possible execution level for effective scheduling in fog–cloud environment

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Abstract

Today, the Internet of Things (IoT) technology is increasingly applied to various applications such as electronic health, smart cities, car networks, positioning systems, and virtual reality. Due to this growing use of IoT, huge amounts of data are being generated unceasingly, which require extensive and continuous processing. As IoT sensors generally have resource constraints, and also the distance between these sensors and cloud data centers is so large, using the cloud is not a good solution to overcome this constraint, particularly in performing tasks that are sensitive to latency. To overcome these problems, fog computing is used as an intermediate layer between IoT sensors and cloud data centers, which provides resources at the edge of the network for IoT applications. One of the main issues in the fog–cloud environment is choosing the right place to perform tasks based on available resources, which requires a proper scheduling. To address this challenge, the present paper proposes a task scheduling model based on the Task Possible Execution Level (TPEL) in the fog–cloud environment to minimize delay and energy consumption. In TPEL, first, tasks are prioritized depending on their deadlines and resources; then, the possible execution levels of tasks are determined. Finally, the most appropriate place to perform the task is selected from the possible execution levels based on the integer linear programming model. The simulation results showed that the proposed TPEL is more efficient by 28.6% in terms of delay, 49.3% in terms of energy consumption, 25.5% in terms of scheduling time, and 51.8% in terms of response time compared to First-Come, First-Served, Round Robin, Algorithm Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II, and Delay Aware Scheduling algorithm.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Funding

The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Computer and Information Technology Engineering, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran

    Mohammad Reza Alizadeh & Vahid Khajehvand

  2. Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, 64002, Yunlin, Taiwan

    Amir Masoud Rahmani

  3. Department of Computer Engineering, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran

    Ebrahim Akbari

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  1. Mohammad Reza Alizadeh
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  2. Vahid Khajehvand
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  3. Amir Masoud Rahmani
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Mohammad Reza Alizadeh, Vahid khajehvand, Amir Masuud Rahmani and Ebrahim Akbari. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Mohammaf Reza Alizadeh and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Vahid Khajehvand.

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Alizadeh, M.R., Khajehvand, V., Rahmani, A.M. et al. TPEL: Task possible execution level for effective scheduling in fog–cloud environment. Cluster Comput 25, 4653–4672 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-022-03714-z

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