Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Didactic and technical considerations when developing e-learning and CME

  • Published:
Education and Information Technologies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Several usability issues were encountered during the design of a blended e-learning program for a course in evidence-based medicine for general practice trainers. The program was developed in four steps. We focused in this article on step 2 and 3. Step 2 focused on which educational principles to apply, that is, which learning theories, instructional designs and other theories should influence the program. Step 3 focused on the design elements, namely whether to use hypermedia and/or multimedia, and what screen design and which font to use. This article presents the important issues in designing an e-course and provides an impression of the complexity of designing high quality e-learning in particular for continuing medical education (CME).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bliuc, A. M., Goodyear, P., & Ellis, R. A. (2007). Research focus and methodological choices in studies into students’ experiences of blended learning in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 10(4), 231–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brandsford, J. D., Brown, A. L., & Cocking, R. R. (2000). How people learn: brain, mind, experience, and school. Washington: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calcaterra, A., Antonietti, A., & Underwood, J. (2005). Cognitive style, hypermedia navigation and learning. Computers & Education, 44(4), 441–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Case, R., & Bereiter, C. (1984). From behaviourism to cognitive behaviourism to cognitive-development - Steps in the evolution of instructional-design. Instructional Science, 13(2), 141–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (1991). Cognitive load theory and the format of instruction. Cognition and Instruction, 8(4), 293–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, R. C., & Mayer, M. E. (2008). E-learning and the science of instruction. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, D. A. (2007). Web-based learning: pros, cons and controversies. Clinical Medicine, 7(1), 37–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Czabanowska, K., Klemenc-Ketis, Z., Potter, A., Rochfort, A., Tomasik, T., Csiszar, J., & Van den Bussche, P. (2012). Development of a competency framework for quality improvement in family medicine: A qualitative study. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions, 32(3), 174–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellaway, R., & Masters, K. (2008). AMEE Guide 32: e-Learning in medical education Part 1: Learning, teaching and assessment. Medical Teacher, 30(5), 455–473.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • European Health Forum Gastein. Possible shortage of up two million health care workers by 2020 - EU taking action to prevent impending crisis in providing health care. Website http://pr.euractiv.com/pr/possible-shortage-two-million-health-care-workers-2020-eu-taking-action-prevent-impending-crisis.

  • Fisser, P. (2001) Using Information and Communication Technology. Universiteit Twente. PhD Thesis, available: http://doc.utwente.nl/36152/1/t0000015.pdf

  • Furmedge, D. S., Iwata, K., & Gill, D. (2014). Peer-assisted learning - Beyond teaching: How can medical students contribute to the undergraduate curriculum? Medical Teacher, 1–6

  • Gagne, R. M., Briggs, L. J., & Wager, W. W. (1992). Principles of instructional design (4th ed.). Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. Available: http://www.facdev.niu.edu/facdev/resources/guide/learning/gagnes_nine_events_instruction.pdf. Accessed 29 September 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrison, D. R., & Kanuka, H. (2004). Blended learning: Uncovering its transformative potential in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 7, 95–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hannafin, M. J., & Hooper, S. (1989). An integrated framework for CBI screen design and layout. Computers in Human Behavior, 5, 155–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Illeris, K. (2003a). Towards a contemporary and comprehensive theory of learning. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 22, 396–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Illeris, K. (2003b). Adult education as experienced by the learners. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 22, 13–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis, P. (2006). The theory and practice of teaching (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jochemsen-van der Leeuw, H. G. A. R., van Dijk, N., Etten van-Jamaludin, F. S., & Wieringa-de Waard, M. (2013). The attributes of the clinical trainer as a role model: A systematic review. Academic Medicine, 88(1), 26–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keller, J. M. (1987). Development and use of the ARCS model of motivational design. Journal of Instructional Development, 10(3), 2–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knowles, M. S., et al. (1984). Andragogy in action: Applying modern principles of adult education. San Fransisco: Jossey Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koroghlanian, C. M., & Sullivan, H. J. (2000). Audio and text density in computer-based instruction. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 22(2), 217–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, R. E. (Ed.). (2005). The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, R. E., Heiser, J., & Lonn, S. (2001). Cognitive constraints on multimedia learning: When presenting more material results in less understanding. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(1), 187–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melis, E., Weber, M., & Andrès, E. (2003). Lessons for (pedagogic) usability of eLearning systems. In A. Rossett (Ed.), Proceedings of World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education 2003 (pp. 281–284). Chesapeake: AACE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merriam, S. B., Caffarella, R. S., & Baumgartner, L. M. (2006). Knowles’s andragogy, and models of adult learning by McClusky, Illeris, and Jarvis. In Learning in adulthood: A comprehensive guide (pp. 83–104). 3th ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass

  • Merrill, M. D. (1983). Component display theory. In C. M. Reigeluth (Ed.), Instructional design theories and models: An overview of their current status (pp. 279–334). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merrill, M. D. (2002). First principles of instruction. ETR&D, 50(3), 43–59.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Merrill, M. D., Drake, L., Lacy, M. J., & Pratt, J. (1966). Reclaiming instructional design. Educational Technology, 36(5), 5–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. J. (2006). Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record, 108(6), 1017–1054.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno, R., & Mayer, R. E. (2002). Verbal redundancy in multimedia learning: When reading helps listening. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(1), 156–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mousavi, S. Y., Low, R., & Sweller, J. (1995). Reducing cognitive load by mixing auditory and visual presentation modes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 87(2), 319–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nadolski, R. J., Kirschner, P. A., & van Merrienboer, J. J. G. (2005). Optimizing the number of steps in learning tasks for complex skills. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 75, 223–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, M., Ostergren, J., Fors, U., Rickenlund, A., Jorfeldt, L., Caidahl, K., & Bolinder, G. (2012). Does individual learning styles influence the choice to use a web-based ECG learning programme in a blended learning setting? BMC Medical Education, 12, 5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ormrod, J. E. (2009). Human learning (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz, J. G., Mintzer, M. J., & Leipzig, R. M. (2006). The impact of E-learning in medical education. Academic Medicine, 81(3), 207–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheiter, K., & Gerjets, P. (2007). Learner control in hypermedia environments. Educational Psychology Review, 19(3), 285–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siemens, G. (2005). Connectivism: A Learning Theory for the Digital Age. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 2.

  • Squires, D., & Preece, J. (1996). Usability and learning: evaluating the potential of educational software. Computers Education, 27(1), 15–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, E. R. (1989). Cognition and learner control: A literature review, 1977–1988. Journal of Computer-Based Instruction, 16(4), 117–121. Validated: ACM Digital Library, http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=70832.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strickland A.W. (2006) ADDIE, Idaho State University College of Education Science, Math & Technology Education. Website http://web.archive.org/web/20060709154016/http://ed.isu.edu/addie/index.html. Accessed 29 September 2014.

  • Sun, P., Tsai, R. J., Finger, G., Chen, Y., & Yeh, D. (2008). What drives a successful e-Learning? An emperical investigation of the critical factors influencing learner satisfaction. Computers & Education, 50, 1183–1202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science, 12, 257–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweller, J. (2005). The redundancy principle in multimedia learning. In R. E. Mayer (Ed.), The Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning (pp. 159–167). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sweller, J., van Merrienboer, J. J. G., & Paas, F. G. W. C. (1998). Cognitive architecture and instructional design. Educational Psychology Review, 10(3), 251–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • te Pas, E., van Dijk, N., Bartelink, M. E. L., & Wieringa-de Waard, M. (2013). Factors influencing the EBM behaviour of GP trainers; a mixed method study. Medical Teacher, 35(3), e990–e997.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tindall-Ford, S., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (1997). When two sensory modes are better than one. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 3(4), 257–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trivette, C.M., Dunst, C.J., Hamby, D.W., O'Herin, C.E. (2009) Characteristics and consequences of adult learning methods and strategies. Research Brief, 3(1)

  • University World News. Call for universities to respond to shortages of health professionals. Website http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20121206111338460. 9 December 2012. Accessed 29 September 2014.

  • van Merrienboer, J. J. G., & Kirschner, P. A. (2007). Ten steps to complex learning: a systematic approach to four-component instructional design (1st ed.). Oxford: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Merrienboer, J. J. G., & Sweller, J. (2005). Cognitive load theory and complex learning: Recent developments and future directions. Educational Psychology Review, 17(2), 147–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Merrienboer, J. J. G., Jelsma, J. J. G., & Paas, F. G. W. C. (1992). Training for reflective expertise: A four-component instructional design model for training complex skills. Educational Technology Research and Development, 40(2), 23–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wikipedia Learning theory (education). Website http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_theory_(education). Accessed August 8, 2013.

  • Wood, D., Bruner, J. S., & Ross, G. (1976). The role of tutoring in problem solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17, 89–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zufic, J., Kalpic, D. (2009) More efficient e-learning through design: color of text and background. World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education (ELEARN). Vancouver, Canada, Oct 26–30, 2009

Download references

Notes on contributors

Ellen te Pas is a registered nurse, educationalist and PhD student in the Department of General Practice/Family Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Margreet Wieringa–de Waard is a GP and a professor of General Practice in the Department of General Practice/Family Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Bernadette Snijders Blok is an educationalist in the Department of General Practice/Family Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Hendricus Theodorus Pouw is a GP and a GP trainer in Health Center “Op maat”, Almere, the Netherlands and a former lecturer in General Practice in the Department of General Practice/Family Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Nynke van Dijk is a clinical epidemiologist. She holds a Master’s in Health Profession Education, and works as an assistant professor in General Practice in the Department of General Practice/Family Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Conflicts of Interest

This study was financed by CASH (commission to stimulate activities regarding GP training) of the SBOH. The SBOH is the employer of GPs in training, and finances all Dutch GP training programs.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ellen te Pas.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

te Pas, E., Waard, M.Wd., Blok, B.S. et al. Didactic and technical considerations when developing e-learning and CME. Educ Inf Technol 21, 991–1005 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-014-9364-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-014-9364-2

Keywords

Navigation