Skip to main content
Log in

Examining middle school students’ views on text bullying

  • Published:
Education and Information Technologies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study aimed to examine middle school students’ views on text bullying in regard to gender, grade level, reactions to bullying and frequency of internet use. The participating 872 students were selected through simple random sampling method among 525 schools located in central Ankara. The data were collected via a questionnaire and a survey ‘Middle School StudentsViews on Safe Internet Use Survey’. The current study utilized the data drawn from the use of mobile phone dimension of the survey. Frequency, percentage and chi-square analyses were employed. The research findings illustrated that male students are significantly more likely to become victims of text bullying compared with female students. Yet, surprisingly female students displayed bullying behaviours more often than male students. Regarding the reactions of students to bullying, there was no significant relation by gender. The findings revealed that the victims informed their parents about the case of text bullying they experienced. Compared with the 6th and the 7th grades, the 8th grades were less likely to be bullied; in contrast, they were more likely to bully the other grades. The results also illustrated that the frequency of internet use is negatively associated with the frequency of text bullying. Another salient finding of the study indicated the majority of victims eventually became bullies by responding the text messages they had received.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agatston, W. P., Kowalski, R., & Limber, S. (2007). Students’ perspective on cyber bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6), 59–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akyürek, S. (2011). Çocuklarda iletişim araçları bağımlılığı: anket çalışması teknik raporu. Ankara: Bilge Adamlar Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arıcak, T., Siyahhan, S., Uzunhasanoglu, A., Sarıbeyoglu, S., Cıplak, S., Yılmaz, N., et al. (2008). Cyberbullying among Turkish adolescents. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11(3), 253–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aydoğan, D., Dilmaç, B., & Deniz, M. E. (2009). İlköğretim öğrencilerinde sosyal destek ve siber zorbalığın incelenmesi. 18. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kurultayı, 1–3 Ekim, İzmir.

  • Bal, E. (2013). Teknoloji çağında cep telefonu kullanım alışkanlıkları ve motivasyonlar: Selçuk Üniversitesi öğrencileri üzerine bir inceleme. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.

  • Besley, B. (2008). Cyberbullying: an emerging threat to the “always on” generation. Canadian Teacher Magazine, 18–20.

  • Brunker, M. (2009). ‘Sexting’ surprise: teens face child porn charges. MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28679588/. Accessed 24 December 2014.

  • Campbell, M. A. (2005). Cyber bullying: an old problem in a new guise? Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 15(1), 68–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cellular News. (2005). Teens prefer mobiles to the internet. http://www.cellular-news.com/story/13286.php. Accessed 28 December 2014.

  • Ceyhan, E. (2008). Ergen ruh sağlığı açısından bir risk faktörü: İnternet bağımlılığı. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 15(2), 109–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chadwick, S. (2014). Impacts of cyberbullying, building social and emotional resilience in schools. Springer Briefs in Education. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-04031-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2007). Research methods in education (6th ed.). London: Routledge Falmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M. M. (2013). Top child health concerns: obesity, drug abuse and smoking. http://mottnpch.org/sites/default/files/documents/081913Top10.pdf. Accessed 22 December 2014.

  • Dehue, F., Bolman, C., & Völlink, T. (2008). Cyberbullying: Youngsters’ experiences and parental perception. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11(2), 217–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drennan, J., Brown, M. R., & Mort, G. S. (2011). Phone bullying: impact on self-esteem and well-being. Young Consumers, 12(4), 295–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drouin, M., & Landgraff, C. (2011). Texting, sexting, and attachment in college students’ romantic relationships. Computers in Human Behaviour, 28, 444–449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erdur-Baker, Ö., & Kavşut, F. (2007). A new face of peer bullying: cyber bullying. Journal of Euroasian Educational Research, 27, 31–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, M. C. (2010). “Principals’ perceptions of cyberbullying policies in selected Florida middle schools” Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Florida: University of Central Florida, College of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griezel, L., Finger, L. R., Bodkin-Andrews, G. H., Craven, R. G., & Yeung, A. S. (2012). Uncovering the structure of and gender and developmental differences in cyber bullying. The Journal of Educational Research, 105, 442–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hinduja, S., & Patchin, W. (2010). Cyberbullying: identification, prevention and response. Cyberbullying research center. http://www.cyberbullying.us/Cyberbullying_Identification_Response_Fact_Sheet. Accessed 16 December 2014.

  • Houck, C. D., Barker, D., Rizzo, C., Hannock, E., Norton, A., & Brown, L. (2014). Sexting and sexual behaviour in at-risk adolescents. Pediatrics, 133, (2).

  • Hunter, S. C., Boyle, J. M. E., & Warden, D. (2004). Help seeking amongst child and adolescent victims of peer aggression and bullying: the influence of school-stage, gender, victimization, appraisal, and emotion. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 375–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenaro, C., Flores, N., Gómez-Vela, M., González-Gil, F., & Caballo, C. (2007). Problematic internet and cell-phone use: psychological, behavioural, and health correlates. Addiction Research and Theory, 15(3), 309–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Juvonen, J., & Gross, E. F. (2008). Extending the school grounds? Bullying experiences in cyberspace. Journal of School Health, 78, 496–505.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kavuk, M. (2011). İlköğretim öğrencilerinin sanal zorba ve sanal kurban olma durumlarının incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keser, H., & Kavuk, M. (2015). Okulda siber zorbalık farkındalık anketinin geliştirilmesi. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 23(1), 17–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kocatürk, M. (2014). Ortaokul öğrencilerinde akran zorbalığı ile siber zorbalık arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.

  • Kowalski, R. M., & Limber, P. (2007). Electronic bullying among middle school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 522–530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leitgeb, N. (2008). Mobile phones: are children at higher risk? Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift, 158, 36–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ling, R. (2004). The mobile connection: the cell phone’s impact on society. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufman Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mariek, V. A., & Rozane, C. (2013). Cyberbullying by mobile phone among adolescents: the role of gender and peer group status. Communications: The European Journal of Communication, 38(1), 107–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mark, K., Longinaker, N., Collinetti, E., Lowe, S., Husman, C., & Terplan, M. (2014). Gender differences in sexting behaviours among Chlamydia positive adolescents and young adult. Poster Presentations, 54, 34–93. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.10.117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, L., McGee, R., Nada-Raja, S., & Williams, S. (2010). Brief report: text bullying and traditional bullying among New Zealand secondary school students. Journal of Adolescence, 33, 237–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClatchy, L. R. (2011). Mobile phones are school bullying tool. Tribune business news. http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.ulb.ac.be/docview/840669128?accountid=17194. Accessed 1 January 2015.

  • Mortazavi, S. M. J., Atefi, M., & Kholghi, F. (2011). The pattern of mobile phone use and prevalence of self-reported symptoms in elementary and junior high school students in Shiraz. Iran Journal of Medecine and Science, 36–2.

  • NCH. (2005). Putting U in the picture. Mobile bullying survey. http://www.avaproject.org.uk/media/28482/mobile_bullying_report.pdf 28.12.2014. Accessed 08 January 2015.

  • NCPC. (2014). What is cyberbullying? http://www.ncpc.org/topics/cyberbullying/what-is-cyberbullying. Accessed 24 December 2014.

  • Netsafe. (2005). The text generation: mobile phones and New Zealand youth: a report of result from the internet Safety Group’s survey of teenage mobile phone use.

  • O’Brien, M. (2010). Consuming talk: youth culture and the mobile phone. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Department of Sociology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Faculty of Social Sciences.

  • Oshima, N., Nishida, A., Shimodera, S., Tochigi, M., Ando, S., Yamasaki, S., Okazaki, Y., & Sasaki, T. (2012). The suicidal feelings, self-injury, and mobile phone use after lights out in adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 37(9), 1023–1030.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Özata, Z. F. (2009). İleri teknoloji yeniliği olarak akıllı telefonların genç tüketiciler tarafından benimsenmesinde etkili olan faktörler. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.

    Google Scholar 

  • Özcan, Y. Z., & Koçak, A. (2003). Research note: a need or status symbol? European Journal of Communication, 18(2), 241–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Özdemir, M., & Akar, F. (2011). Lise öğrencilerinin siber zorbalığa ilişkin görüşlerinin bazı değişkenler bakımından incelenmesi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 17(4), 605–626.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pornari, C. D., & Wood, J. (2010). Peer and cyber aggression in secondary school students: the role of moral disengagement, hostile attribution bias, and outcome expectancies. Aggressive Behavior, 36, 81–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raskauskas, J. (2007). Text-bullying among early adolescents. Kairaranga, 8(1), 17–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raskouskas, J. (2010). Text-bullying: associations with traditional bullying and depression among New Zealand adolescent. Journal of School Violence, 9(1), 74–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivers, I., & Noret, N. (2010). ‘I h8 u’: findings from a five-year study of text and email bullying. British Educational Research Journal, 36(4), 643–671.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rolland, E. (2002). Bullying, depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts. Educational Research, 44(1), 55–67.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Samkange-Zeeb, F., & Blettner, M. (2009). Emerging aspects of mobile phone use. Emerging Health Threats Journal. doi:10.3134/ehtj.09.005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuz, J. (2005). Mobile phone use and exposures in children. Bioelectromagnetics, 7, 45–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Serin, H. (2012). Ergenlerde siber zorbalık/ siber mağduriyet yaşantıları ve bu davranışlara ilişkin öğretmen ve eğitim yöneticilerinin görüşleri. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slonje, R., & Smith, P. K. (2008). Cyberbullying: another main type of bullying? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 147–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., & Tippett, N. (2006). An investigation into cyberbullying, its forms, awareness and impact, and the relationship between age and gender in cyberbullying. http://www.antibullyingalliance.org/ResearchandEvaluationTeamResearchReport.htm Accessed 23 October 2014.

  • Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(4), 376–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava, L. (2005). Mobile phones and the evolution of social behaviour. Behaviour and Information Technology, 24(2), 111–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tamer, N., & Vatanartıran, S. (2014). Ergenlerin teknolojik zorbalık algıları. Online Journal of Technology Addiction & Cyberbullying, 1(2), 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Text Bullying. (2014). http://www.bullyingstatistics.org/content/text-bullying.html Accessed 04 January 2015.

  • Tochigi, M, Nishida, A, Shimodera, S, Oshima, N, Inoue, K, et al. (2012). Irregular bedtime and nocturnal cellular phone usage as risk factors for being involved in bullying: a cross-sectional survey of Japanese adolescents. PLoS ONE, 7 (9).

  • Yaman, E., Eroğlu, Y., & Peker, A. (2011). Başa çıkma stratejileriyle okul zorbalığı ve siber zorbalık. İstanbul: Kaknüs Yayınları.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2004). Online aggressor/targets, aggressors, and targets: a comparison of associated youth characteristics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1308–1316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yılmaz, H. (2011). Cyberbullying in Turkish middle schools: an exploratory study. School Psychology International, 32(6), 645–654.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The author would like to acknowledge the advice and support offered by Prof. Dr. Hafize KESER. The author would also like to thank M. Kemal AYDIN for his support and contribution on this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ali Semerci.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Semerci, A. Examining middle school students’ views on text bullying. Educ Inf Technol 21, 1807–1819 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-015-9420-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-015-9420-6

Keywords

Navigation