Abstract
Multi-Access edge computing (MEC) enables less resourceful smart mobile devices (SMDs) to use computation and memory intensive applications by offloading them to edge servers with tolerant latency, significantly improving the computing paradigm of SMDs. But, when involving mobility in MEC, offloading strategy and overhead can be significantly influenced by the movements of SMDs. What′s more, the movements of SMDs make it harder to deal with precedence among subtasks. However, to the best of our knowledge, few articles have studied mobility management in code-oriented partitioning offloading. To give an efficient solution, we propose the cost-saving offloading policy with mobility prediction using convex optimization and Lagrangian approach. Our scheme can help moving SMDs in MEC like driverless vehicles efficiently complete their tasks and reveal the impact of task dependency on completion time. The experimental results show that our algorithm can achieve at least 12% performance improvement on average than other three common methods.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The data analysed during the current study are available from the first author onup reasonable request.
References
Carrasco, R., Waycott, J., Baker, S., Vetere, F.: Designing the lost self: Older adults’. In: Conference on Designing Interactive Systems, pp. 441–452 (2018)
Al-Ars, Z., Vlugt, S., Jskelinen, P., Linden, F.: ALMARVI system solution for image and video processing in healthcare, surveillance and mobile applications. J. Signal Process. Syst. 91(1), 1–7 (2019)
Dinh, T., Tang, J., La, Q., Quek, T.: Offloading in mobile edge computing: Task allocation and computational frequency scaling. IEEE Trans. Commun. 65(8), 3571–3584 (2017)
Ahmed, A., Ahmed, E.: A survey on mobile edge computing. In: 10th International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Control (ISCO), pp. 1–8 (2016)
Wang, X., Ning, Z., Guo, S.: Multi-agent imitation learning for pervasive edge computing: A decentralized computation offloading algorithm. IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 32(2), 411–425 (2020)
Sun, X., Ansari, N.: PRIMAL: PRofIt maximization avatar placement for mobile edge computing. In: IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), pp. 1–6 (2016)
Jia, M., Liang, W., Xu, Z., Huang, M.: Cloudlet load balancing in wireless metropolitan area networks. In: IEEE INFOCOM 2016 - The 35th Annual IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications, pp. 1–9 (2016)
Sun, X., Ansari, N.: Latency aware workload offloading in the cloudlet network. IEEE Commun. Lett. 21(7), 1481–1484 (2017)
Liu, J., Mao, Y., Zhang, J., Letaief, B.K.: Delay-optimal computation task scheduling for mobile-edge computing systems. In: IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT), pp. 1451–1455 (2016)
Munoz, O., Pascual-Iserte, A., Vidal, J.: Optimization of radio and computational resources for energy efficiency in latency-constrained application offloading. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 64 (10), 4738–4755 (2015)
You, C., Huang, K., Chae, H.: Energy efficient mobile cloud computing powered by wireless energy transfer. IEEE J. Selected Areas Commun. 34(5), 1757–1771 (2016)
Sardellitti, S., Scutari, G., Barbarossa, S.: Joint optimization of radio and computational resources for multicell mobile-edge computing. IEEE Trans. Signal Inform. Process. Netw. 1(2), 89–103 (2015)
Chen, X., Jiao, L., Li, W., Fu, X.: Efficient multi-user computation offloading for mobile-edge cloud computing. IEEE/ACM Trans. Network. 24(5), 2795–2808 (2016)
Mao, Y., Zhang, J., Letaief, B.K.: Joint task offloading scheduling and transmit power allocation for mobile-edge computing systems. In: IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), pp. 1–6 (2017)
Li, Y., Chen, Y., Lan, T., Venkataramani, G.: MobiQoR: Pushing the envelope of mobile edge computing via quality-of-result optimization. In: IEEE 37th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), pp. 1261–1270 (2017)
Yang, L., Cao, J., Cheng, H., Ji, Y.: Multi-user computation partitioning for latency sensitive mobile cloud applications. IEEE Trans. Comput. 64(8), 2253–2266 (2015)
Lin, X., Wang, Y., Xie, Q., Pedram, M.: Task scheduling with dynamic voltage and frequency scaling for energy minimization in the mobile cloud computing environment. IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput. 8(2), 175–186 (2015)
Deng, M., Tian, H., Fan, B.: Fine-granularity based application offloading policy in cloud-enhanced small cell networks. In: Proceedings IEEE Int. Conf. Commun. Workshops, pp. 638–643 (2016)
Ding, Y., Liu, C., Zhou, X., Liu, Z., Tang, Z.: A code-oriented partitioning computation offloading strategy for multiple users and multiple mobile edge computing servers. IEEE Trans. Industr. Inform. 16(7), 4800–4810 (2020)
Lordan, F., Badia, R.M.: COMPSs-Mobile: Parallel programming for mobile-cloud computing. In: 16th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster Cloud and Grid Computing (CCGrid) (2016)
Taleb, T., Ksentini, A., Frangoudis, P.A.: Follow-me cloud: When cloud services follow mobile users. IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput. 7(2), 369–382 (2019)
Wang, J., Liu, K., Li, M., Pan, J.: Learning based mobility management under uncertainties for mobile edge computing. IEEE Global Communications Conference IEEE, pp. 1–6 (2018)
Xu, J., Sun, Y., Chen, L., Zhou, S.: E2M2: Energy efficient mobility management in dense small cells with mobile edge computing. In: IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), pp. 1–6 (2017)
Ding, Y., Liu, C., Li, K, Tang, Z., Li, K.: Task offloading and service migration strategies for user equipments with mobility consideration in mobile edge computing. In: 17th IEEE intl conf on parallel and distributed processing with applications. IEEE (2020)
Yang, L., Cao, J., Cheng, H., Ji, Y.: Multi-user computation partitioning for latency sensitive mobile cloud applications. IEEE Trans. Comput. 64(8), 2253–2266 (2015)
Kosta, S., Aucinas, A., Hui, P., Mortier, R., Zhang, X.: ThinkAir: Dynamic resource allocation and parallel execution in the cloud for mobile code offloading. In: Proceedings IEEE Infocom, pp. 945–953 (2012)
Zhou, B., Dastjerdi, V.A., Calheiros, R., Srirama, S., Buyya, R.: mCloud: A context-aware offloading framework for heterogeneous mobile cloud. IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput. 10(5), 797–810 (2017)
Sklar, B.: Rayleigh fading channels in mobile digital communication systems. I. Characterization. IEEE Commun. Mag. 35(9), 136–146 (1997)
Miettinen, A., Nurminen, J.: Energy efficiency of mobile clients in cloud computing. In: Proceedings of the 2nd USENIX Conference on Hot Topics in Cloud Computing (HotCloud’10), pp. 1–7 (2012)
Liu, L., Zhang, R., Chua, K.: Wireless information and power transfer: A dynamic power splitting approach. IEEE Trans. Commun. 61(9), 3990–4001 (2013)
Zhao, M., Yang, Y.: Optimization-based distributed algorithms for mobile data gathering in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput. 11(10), 1464–1477 (2012)
Guo, S., Liu, J., Yang, Y., Xiao, B., Li, Z.: Energy-efficient dynamic computation offloading and cooperative task scheduling in mobile cloud computing. IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput. 18 (2), 319–333 (2019)
Chiang, M., Low, S., Calderbank, A., Doyle, J.: Layering as optimization decomposition: A mathematical theory of network architectures. Proc. IEEE. 95(1), 255–312 (2007)
Praseetha, V., Vadivel, S.: Face extraction using skin color and PCA face recognition in a mobile cloudlet environment. In: 2016 4th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Cloud Computing, Services, and Engineering (MobileCloud), pp. 41–45 (2016)
Acknowledgements
This work was partially supported by the Programs of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 62072165, U19A2058), Open Research Projects of Zhejiang Lab (No. 2020KE0AB01), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, Y., Liu, C., Liu, J. et al. Mobility-Aware and Code-Oriented Partitioning Computation Offloading in Multi-Access Edge Computing. J Grid Computing 20, 11 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10723-022-09599-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10723-022-09599-x