Abstract
Evaluation of the single event upsets (SEUs) impact on SRAM-based FPGAs is a major issue in the adoption of these FPGAs in aerospace applications. In this context, different approaches have been recorded in the literatures, among which the emulation methods are applied most frequently regarding their proper cost-effectiveness and time-saving aspects. This paper has proposed a new approach for increasing the SEU emulation rate in the dynamic partial reconfiguration (DPR)-based emulators. Unlike the traditional procedure that emulates the SEU faults only in one loop, the proposed three-level management algorithm (3-LMA) consists of three nested loops. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the suggested technique is to some orders of magnitude faster than traditional approach.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aguirre M-A, Tombs J-N, Muoz F (2007) Selective protection analysis using a SEU emulator: testing protocol and case study over the Leon2 processor. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 54(4):951–956
Albrecht C. IWLS 2005 benchmarks. Cadence Berkeley Labs, International Workshop for Logic Synthesis (IWLS), 8 June 2005
Alderighi M, Casini F, D’Angelo S, Liu SF, Sorrenti G, Reviriego P (2010) Experimental validation of fault injection analyses by the FLIPPER tool. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 57(4):2129–34
Alderighi M, Casini F, Citterio M (2009) Using FLIPPER to predict proton irradiation results for Virtex 2 devices: acase study. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 56(4):2103–2110
Antoni L, Leveugle R, Feher B (2003) Using run-time reconfiguration for fault injection applications. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 52:1468–73
Carmichael C, Tseng CW (2009) Correcting single-event upsets in Virtex-4 FPGA configuration memory. Application note: XAPP1088
Celia LO, Mario GV, Marta PG, Luis E (2007) Autonomous fault emulation: a new FPGA-based acceleration system for hardness evaluation. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 54:252–61
Chapman K (2010) SEU strategies for Virtex-5 devices. Xilinx corporation application notes:XAPP864
Dongwoo L, Jongwhoa N (2009) A novel simulation fault injection method for dependability analysis. IEEE Des Test Comput 26(6):50–61
Dutton B, Ali M, Stroud C, Sunwoo J(2009) Embedded processor based fault injection and SEU emulation for FPGAs. In International conf on embedded systems and applications; July 13–16; Las Vegas, Nevada, USA: pp. 183–9
Foucard G, Peronnard P, Velazco R (2011) Reliability limits of TMR implemented in a SRAM-based FPGA: heavy ion measures vs. fault injection predictions. J Electron Test 27(5):627–633
Goloubeva O, Rebaudengo M, Sonza M, Violante M (2006) Software-implemented hardware fault tolerance. Springer
Johnson E, Caffrey M, Graham P, Rollins N, Wirthlin M (2003) The reliability of FPGA circuit designs in the presence of radiation induced configuration upsets. In: 11th Annual IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines(FCCM), 9–11 April xNapa, California, USA. pp. 133–142
Johnson E, Caffrey M, Graham P, Rollins N, Wirthlin M (2003) Accelerator validation of an FPGA SEU simulator. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 50:2147–57
Kanamaru A, Kawai H, Yamaguchi Y (2009) Tile-based fault tolerant approach using partial reconfiguration reconfigurable computing: architectures, tools and applications. Lect Notes Comput Sci: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. p. 293–299.
Lee PM-H, Sedaghat R (2008) FPGA-based switch-level fault emulation using module-based dynamic partial reconfiguration. Microelectron Reliab 48:1724–33
Legat U, Biasizzo A, Novak F (2012) SEU recovery mechanism for SRAM-based FPGAs. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 59:2562–71
Mohnke J (1999) A signature-based approach to formal logic verification. Appendix: Benchmark Descriptions, Verteidigt
Portela-Garcia M, Lindoso A, Entrena L (2012) Evaluating the effectiveness of a software-based technique under SEEs using FPGA-based fault injection approach. J Electron Test 27(5):627–633
Quinn HM, Graham PS, Wirthlin MJ, Pratt B, Morgan KS, Caffrey MP, Krone JB (2009) A test methodology for determining space readiness of Xilinx SRAM-Based FPGA devices and designs. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 58:3380–95
Schirrmann S (2011) User manual for Zefant-nanov4. Simple solutions corp
Schumacher P (2012) SEU emulation environment. Xilinx whit paper: WP414 April 9
Shuler RL, Bhuva BL, O’Neill PM (2009) Comparison of dual-rail and TMR logic cost effectiveness and suitability for FPGAs with reconfigurable SEU tolerance. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 56(1):214–19
Sterpone L, Violante M (2006) A new reliability-oriented place and route algorithm for SRAM-based FPGAs. IEEE Trans Comput 55(6):732–744
Sterpone L, Violante M (2006) A new reliability-oriented place and route algorithm for SRAM-based FPGAs. IEEE Trans Comput 55:732–44
Tombs J, Aguirre M-A (2004) FT-UNSHADES Tool Eur Space Agency Microelectron Day
Violante M, Sterpone L, Ceschia M, Bortolato D, Bernardi P, Reorda MS, Paccagnella A (2004) Simulation-based analysis of SEU effects in SRAM-based FPGAs. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci 51:3354–9
Xilinx C. PlanAhead user guide. Xilinx product documents: UG632, 2009.
Xilinx C (2009) Virtex-4 FPGA configuration user guide. Xilinx corporation document: UG071
Acknowledgments
Partial support for this research received from ITRC (Iran. Telecommunication Research Center) is gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: X. Li
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Omidi Gosheblagh, R., Mohammadi, K. Three-Level Management Algorithm to Increase the SEU Emulation Rate in DPR Based Emulators. J Electron Test 30, 739–749 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10836-014-5489-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10836-014-5489-x