Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Spectrum Co-existence of IEEE 802.11b and 802.16a Networks Using Reactive and Proactive Etiquette Policies

  • Published:
Mobile Networks and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper presents an investigation of spectrum co-existence between IEEE 802.11b and 802.16a networks in the same shared frequency band using cognitive radio techniques with different levels of complexity. Simple reactive interference avoidance algorithms as well as proactive spectrum coordination policies based on etiquette protocols are proposed and compared in terms of achievable spectrum efficiency in a shared Wi-Fi/Wi-Max scenario. In reactive interference avoidance methods, radio nodes coordinate spectrum usage without exchange of explicit control information—this is done by adaptively adjusting transmit PHY parameters such as frequency, power and time occupancy based on local observations of the radio band. Because local observations provide information only about transmitters, they may not be sufficient for resolving spectrum contention in scenarios with “hidden receivers”. Proactive coordination techniques solve the hidden-receiver problem by utilizing a common spectrum coordination channel (CSCC) for exchange of transmitter and receiver parameters. Radio nodes can cooperatively select key PHY-layer variables such as frequency and power by broadcasting messages in the CSCC channel and then following specified spectrum etiquette policies. An ns2 simulation model is developed to evaluate both reactive and proactive etiquette policies in scenarios with co-existing IEEE 802.11b and 802.16a networks. The density of radio nodes in the coverage region, and their degree of spatial clustering are key parameters in the system evaluation. Detailed simulation studies were carried out for a variety of scenarios including both single and multiple 802.11b hotspots per 802.16a cell with and without spatial clustering. Our results show that simple reactive algorithms can improve system throughput when sufficient “free space” (in frequency, power or time) is available for PHY adaptation. In more congested scenarios with spatially clustered nodes and hidden receivers, the proposed CSCC etiquette can significantly improve overall system performance over reactive schemes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. C. Eklund, R.B. Marks, K.L. Stanwood and S. Wang, IEEE Standard 802.16: A technical overview of the wirelessMAN air interface for broadband wireless access, IEEE Communications Magazine (June 2002).

  2. D. Raychaudhuri and X. Jing, A spectrum etiquette protocol for efficient coordination of radio devices in unlicensed bands, in Proc. PIMRC 2003, Beijing, China (Sept. 2003).

  3. J. Mitola III, Cognitive radio: An integrated agent architecture for software radio, PhD thesis, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Sweden (May 2000).

  4. D. Raychaudhuri, Adaptive wireless networks using cognitive radios as a building block, in: MobiCom 2004 Keynote Speech, Philadelphia, PA (Sept. 2004).

  5. The network simulator ns2. http: //www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/

  6. A. De Vany, Property rights in electromagnetic spectrum, in The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics ed. P. Newman (1998).

  7. G. Faulhaber and D. Farber, Spectrum management: Property rights, markets and the commons, in: Proceedings of the Telecommunications Policy Research Conference, Alexandria, VA (Oct. 2003).

  8. Y. Benkler, Some economics of wireless communications, Harvard Journal of Law and Technology 16 (2002).

  9. D. Satapathy and J.M. Peha, Etiquette modification for unlicensed spectrum: Approach and impact, in: Proceedings of the IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (1998), pp. 272–276.

  10. T.W. Hazlett, Spectrum flash dance: Eli Noam’s proposals for “open access” to radio waves, Journal of Law and Economics 41(2) (1998) 805–820.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Y. Benkler, Overcoming Agoraphobia: Building the commons of the digitally networked environment, Harvard Journal of Law and Technology 11 (1998) 805–820.

    Google Scholar 

  12. G. Rosston et al., Comments of 37 Concerned Economists. In Submitted to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission In the Matter of Promoting the Efficient Use of Spectrum through Elimination of Barriers to the Development of Secondary Markets, WT Docket 00-230, (2001).

  13. G. Maguire and J. Mitola, Cognitive radio: Making pcs personal, IEEE PCS Magazine 6(4) (Aug. 1999) 13–19.

    Google Scholar 

  14. FCC Notice of Inquiry, in the Matter of Additional Spectrum for Unlicensed Below 900 MHz and in the 3 GHz Band, ET Docket No. 02–380, 17 FCC Rcd 25632 (2002).

  15. FCC 03-322 NPRM on Cognitive Radio, http: //hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-03-322A1.pdf.

  16. XGWORKING GROUP, The XG Vision. Request For Comments, version 1.0. Prepared by: BBN Technologies, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA (July 2003). http: //www.darpa.mil/ato/programs/XG/rfcs.htm.

  17. K. Challapali, S. Mangold and Z. Zhong, Spectrum agile radio: Detecting spectrum opportunities, in: 6th Annual International Symposium On Advanced Radio Technologies, Boulder, Colorado (March 2004).

  18. S. Mangold, Z. Zhong, K. Challapali and C.T. Chou, Spectrum agile radio: Radio resource measurements for opportunistic spectrum usage, in: IEEE Globecom 2004, Dallas, TX, USA (Nov. 2004).

  19. S.-L. Wu, Y.-C. Tseng, C.-Y. Lin and J.-P. Sheu, A multi-channel MAC protocol with power control for multi-hop mobile ad hoc networks, The Computer Journal 45 (2002) 101–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Y. Xing, R. Chandramouli, S. Mangold and S. Sankar, Dynamic spectrum access in open spectrum wireless networks, will appear in Special issue on 4G Wireless Systems, in: IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (2006).

  21. C.T. Chou, Hyoil Kim, N. Sai Shankar and K.G. Shin, What and how much to gain from Spectrum Agility, in: IEEE/ACM Trans. on Networking (June 2004).

  22. J. Monks, V. Bharghavan and W. Hwu, A power controlled multiple access protocol for wireless packet networks, in Proc. IEEE Infocom (April 2001) pp. 219–228.

  23. C. Evci and B. Fino, Spectrum management, pricing, and efficiency control in broad-band wireless communications, in: Proceedings of the IEEE (Jan. 2001) vol. 89, no. 1.

  24. H. AhleHagh, WR. Michalson and D. Finkel, Statistical characteristics of wireless network traffic and its impact on ad hoc network performance, in: Proceedings of the 2003 Applied Telecommunication Symposium (2003).

  25. S. Khurana, A. Kahol and A.P. Jayasumana, Effect of hidden terminals on the performance of IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol, in: Proceedings of the IEEE LCN Conference (1998) pp. 12–20.

  26. G. Xylomenos, G.C. Polyzos, P. Mahonen, and M. Saaranen, TCP performance issues over wireless links, in: IEEE Communications Magazine (April 2001).

  27. O. Ileri, S. Mau and N.B. Mandayam, Pricing for enabling forwarding in wireless ad hoc networks, in: Proceedings of WCNC’04, Atlanta, GA (March 2004).

  28. R.M. Ward Jr., Simulated BER Results of Proposed OFDM Structure in Multipath.IEEE802.16a.3–01/8 document (2001).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Wireless Information Network Laboratory (WINLAB), Rutgers University, 671 Route 1 South, North Brunswick, NJ, 08902, USA

    Xiangpeng Jing & Dipankar Raychaudhuri

Authors
  1. Xiangpeng Jing
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dipankar Raychaudhuri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xiangpeng Jing.

Additional information

Research supported by NSF grant # CNS-0435370 and #0205362. Paper submitted for publication after presentation in part at IEEE DySpan 2005, Nov. 8–11, 2005, Baltimore, MD.

Xiangpeng Jing received the B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China in 2000 and the M.E. degree in Electrical Engineering from City College of City University of New York, New York in 2002. He is currently a Ph. D. candidate in the WINLAB (Wireless Information Network Laboratory), Rutgers University, NJ. He has been with the MobiNet Group since 2002. His research interests include spectrum etiquette protocols, co-existence between wireless communication systems, cognitive radio technologies, and adaptive wireless ad hoc networks.

Dipankar Raychaudhuri is Professor, Electrical & Computer Engineering Department and Director, WINLAB (Wireless Information Network Lab) at Rutgers University. As WINLAB’s Director, he is responsible for a cooperative industry-university research center with focus on next-generation wireless technologies. WINLAB’s current research scope includes topics such as RF/sensor devices, UWB, spectrum management, future 3G and WLAN systems, ad-hoc networks and pervasive computing. He has previously held progressively responsible corporate R&D positions in the telecom/networking area including: Chief Scientist, Iospan Wireless (2000-01), Assistant General Manager & Dept. Head-Systems Architecture, NEC USA C&C Research Laboratories (1993–99) and Head, Broadband Communications Research, Sarnoff Corp (1990–92). Dr. Raychaudhuri obtained his B.Tech (Hons) from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur in 1976 and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from SUNY, Stony Brook in 1978, 79. He is a Fellow of the IEEE.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Jing, X., Raychaudhuri, D. Spectrum Co-existence of IEEE 802.11b and 802.16a Networks Using Reactive and Proactive Etiquette Policies. Mobile Netw Appl 11, 539–554 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-006-7321-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-006-7321-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation