Abstract
Due to the significant advancement of Smartphone technology, the applications targeted for these devices are getting more and more complex and demanding of high power and resources. Mobile cloud computing (MCC) allows the Smart phones to perform these highly demanding tasks with the help of powerful cloud servers. However, to decide whether a given part of an application is cost-effective to execute in local mobile device or in the cloud server is a difficult problem in MCC. It is due to the trade-off between saving energy consumption while maintaining the strict latency requirements of applications. Currently, 5th generation mobile network (5G) is getting much attention, which can support increased network capacity, high data rate and low latency and can pave the way for solving the computation offloading problem in MCC. In this paper, we design an intelligent computation offloading system that takes tradeoff decisions for code offloading from a mobile device to cloud server over the 5G network. We develop a metric for tradeoff decision making that can maximize energy saving while maintain strict latency requirements of user applications in the 5G system. We evaluate the performances of the proposed system in a test-bed implementation, and the results show that it outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in terms of accuracy, computation and energy saving.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Smith A (2013) Smartphone ownership–2013 update. Pew Research Center, Washington DC
Survey reveals more smartphones activated each day than babies born (accessed on april 12, 2014). http://www.netgenie.net/blog/survey-reveals-more-smartphones-activated-each-day-than-babies-born
Fernando N, Loke SW, Rahayu W (2013) Mobile cloud computing: a survey. Futur Gener Comput Syst 29(1):84–106
Verbelen T, Simoens P, De Turck F, Dhoedt B (2012) Cloudlets: bringing the cloud to the mobile user. In: Proceedings of the third ACM workshop on Mobile cloud computing and services, MCS ’12. ACM, New York, pp 29–36
Satyanarayanan M (1996) Fundamental challenges in mobile computing. In: Proceedings of the fifteenth annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computing. ACM, pp 1–7
Armbrust M, Fox A, Griffith R, Joseph AD, Katz R, Konwinski A, Lee G, Patterson D, Rabkin A, Stoica I et al (2010) A view of cloud computing. Commun ACM 53(4):50–58
Ma X, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Wang H, Peng L (2013) When mobile terminals meet the cloud Computation offloading as the bridge. IEEE NETWORK 27(5):28–33
Barbarossa S, Sardellitti S, Di Lorenzo P (2014) Communicating while computing: distributed mobile cloud computing over 5g heterogeneous networks. IEEE Signal Proc Mag 31(6):45–55
Conti M, Mascitti D, Passarella A (2015) Offloading service provisioning on mobile devices in mobile cloud computing environments. In: Euro-Par 2015: parallel processing workshops, p 2015
Lin T-Y, Lin T-A, Hsu C-H, King C-T (2013) Context-aware decision engine for mobile cloud offloading. In: Proceedings of IEEE wireless communications and networking conference workshops (WCNCW), pp 111–116
Cuervo E, Balasubramanian A, Cho D-k, Wolman A, Saroiu S, Chandra R, Bahl P (2010) Maui: making smartphones last longer with code offload. In: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services, MobiSys ’10. ACM, New York, pp 49–62
Chun B-G, Ihm S, Maniatis P, Naik M, Patti A (2011) Clonecloud: elastic execution between mobile device and cloud. In: Proceedings of the sixth conference on Computer systems, EuroSys ’11. ACM, New York, pp 301–314
Kosta S, Aucinas A, Hui P, Mortier R, Zhang X (2012) ThinkAir: Dynamic resource allocation and parallel execution in the cloud for mobile code offloading. In: International conference on computer communications (INFOCOM). IEEE, pp 945–953
Satyanarayanan M, Bahl P, Caceres R, Davies N (2009) The case for vm-based cloudlets in mobile computing. IEEE Pervasive Computing 8(4):14–23
Shivarudrappa D, Chen ML, Bharadwaj S (2012) Cofa: automatic and dynamic code offload for android. Technical report, University of Colorado, Boulder
Wolbach A, Harkes J, Chellappa S, Satyanarayanan M (2008) Transient customization of mobile computing infrastructure. In: Proceedings of the first workshop on virtualization in mobile computing. ACM, pp 37–41
Lai C-F, Hwang R-H, Chao H-C, Hassan M, Alamri A (2015) A buffer-aware http live streaming approach for sdn-enabled 5g wireless networks. IEEE Netw 29(1):49–55
Yang L, Cao J, Yuan Y, Li T, Han A, Chan A (2013) A framework for partitioning and execution of data stream applications in mobile cloud computing. ACM SIGMETRICS Perform Eval Rev 40(4):23–32
Kovachev D, Klamma R (2012) Framework for computation offloading in mobile cloud computing. Int J Interact Multimedia Artif Intell 1(7)
Su W-T, Ng KS (2013) Mobile cloud with smart offloading system. In: 2013 IEEE/CIC international conference on communications in China (ICCC). IEEE, p 2013
Luo L, John BE (2005) Predicting task execution time on handheld devices using the keystroke-level model. In: CHI’05 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems. ACM, pp 1605–1608
Hardle W (1990) Applied nonparametric regression, vol 27. Cambridge Univ Press
Iverson MA, Özgüner F, Potter L (1999) Statistical prediction of task execution times through analytic benchmarking for scheduling in a heterogeneous environment. IEEE Trans Comput 48(12):1374–1379
Liu J, Kumar K, Lu Y-H (2010) Tradeoff between energy savings and privacy protection in computation offloading. In: Proceedings of the 16th ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design, ISLPED ’10. ACM, New York, pp 213–218
Hassan MM (2014) Cost-effective resource provisioning for multimedia cloud-based e-health systems. Multimedia Tools Appl:1–17
Chen M, Hao Y, Li Y, Lai C-F, Wu D (2015) On the computation offloading at ad hoc cloudlet: architecture and service modes. IEEE Commun Mag 53(6):18–24
Chen M, Zhang Y, Li Y, Mao S, Emc VL (2015) Emotion-aware mobile cloud computing in 5g. IEEE Netw 29(2):32–38
Song B, Hassan MM, Alamri A, Alelaiwi A, Tian Y, Pathan M, Almogren A (2014) A two-stage approach for task and resource management in multimedia cloud environment. Computing:1– 27
http://developer.android.com/guide/components/processes-and-threads.html, accessed on Dec 20, 2015
PowerTutor (accessed on Nov 25, 2015). http://ziyang.eecs.umich.edu/projects/powertutor/
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for its funding of this research through the Research Group Project no. RGP-VPP-281.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khoda, M.E., Razzaque, M.A., Almogren, A. et al. Efficient Computation Offloading Decision in Mobile Cloud Computing over 5G Network. Mobile Netw Appl 21, 777–792 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-016-0688-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-016-0688-6