Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A blind audio watermarking algorithm by logarithmic quantization index modulation

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper we present a blind audio watermarking algorithm based on the vector norm and the logarithmic quantization index modulation (LQIM) in the wavelet domain, integrating the robustness of the vector norm with the imperceptibility of the logarithmic quantization index modulation based on μ-Law (or mu-Law) companding. Firstly μ-Law companding is adopted to transform the vector norm of the segmented wavelet approximation components of the original audio signal. And then a binary image scrambled by the chaotic sequence as watermark is embedded in the transformed domain with a uniform quantization scheme. Experimental results demonstrate that even if the capacity of the proposed algorithm is high, up to 102.4 bps, this algorithm can still maintain a high quality of the audio signal, and achieve a better performance, such as imperceptibility, robustness and complexity in comparison with the uniform quantization based algorithms against common attacks. What’s more, it can resist amplitude scaling attack effectively.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Agreste S, Andaloro G, Prestipino D, Puccio L (2007) An image adaptive, wavelet-based watermarking of digital images. J Comput Appl Math 210(1–2):13–21

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  2. Akhaee MA, Kalantari NK, Marvasti F (2010) Robust audio and speech watermarking using Gaussian and Laplacian modeling. Signal Process 90:2487–2497

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  3. Al-Haj A, Mohammad A (2010) Digital audio watermarking based on the discrete wavelet transform and singular value decomposition. Eur J Sci Res 39(1):6–21

    Google Scholar 

  4. Al-Haj A, Mohammad A, Bata L (2011) DWT-based audio watermarking. Int Arab J Inform Tech 8(3):326–333

    Google Scholar 

  5. Garay A (2002) Measuring and evaluating digital watermarks in audio files. Dissertation, Georgetown University

  6. Hamadicharef B, Ifeachor E (2003) Objective prediction of sound synthesis quality. The 115th Convention of the Audio Engineering Society, New York (Preprint 5958)

  7. Cao ZG, Qian YS (2003) Modern communication principles. Beijing. (In Chinese)

  8. Chen B, Wornell GW (2001) Quantization index modulation: a class of provably good methods for digital watermarking and information embedding. IEEE Trans Inform Theor 47(4):1423–1443

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  9. Chen ST, Wu GD, Huang HN (2010) Wavelet-domain audio watermarking scheme using optimisation-based quantization. IET Signal Process 4(6):720–727

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  10. Chang C-Y, Shen W-C, Wang H-J (2006) Using counter-propagation neural network for robust digital audio watermarking in DWT domain. In: 2006 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, pp 1214–1219

  11. Eggers JJ, Bauml R, Tzschoppe R, Girod B (2003) Scalar Costa scheme for information embedding. IEEE Trans Signal Process 51(4):1003–1019

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  12. Fan M, Wang H (2009) Chaos-based discrete fractional sine transform domain audio watermarking scheme. Comput Electr Eng 35(3):506–516

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  13. Nikmehr H, Hashemy ST (2010) A new approach to audio watermarking using discrete wavelet and cosine transforms. In: 1st International Conference Communications Engineering, pp 1–10

  14. Jayamalar T, Radha V (2011) Enhanced nested video watermarking using wavelets and geometric warping. Int J Multimed Appl 3(4):143–157

    Google Scholar 

  15. Panda J, Bisht J, Kapoor R, Bhattacharyya A (2010) Digital image watermarking in integer wavelet domain using hybrid technique. In: 2010 International Conference on Advances in Computer Engineering (ACE), pp 163–167

  16. Kalantari NK, Ahadi SM (2010) A logarithmic quantization index modulation for perceptually better data hiding. IEEE Trans Image Process 19(6):1504–1517

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  17. Katzenbeisser S, Petitcolas FAP (2000) Information hiding techniques for steganography and digital watermarking. Artech, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  18. Lee K, Kim DS, Moon K (2003) Amplitude-modification resilient watermarking based on A-Law companding. In: International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), pp 459–462

  19. Lei BY, Soon IY, Li Z (2011) Blind and robust audio watermarking scheme based on SVD–DCT. Signal Process 91:1973–1984

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  20. Lei BY, Soon IY, Zhou F, Li Z, Lei H (2012) A robust audio watermarking scheme based on lifting wavelet transform and singular value decomposition. Signal Processing 92(9):1985–2001

    Google Scholar 

  21. Li W, Xue XY, Lu PZ (2006) Localized audio watermarking technique robust against time-scale modification. IEEE Trans Multimed 8(1):60–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Liew P, Armand MA (2007) Inaudible watermarking via phase manipulation of random frequencies. Multimed Tool Appl 35(3):357–377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Lin WH, Horng SJ, Kao TW, Fan P, Lee CL, Pan Y (2008) An efficient watermarking method based on significant difference of wavelet coefficient quantization. IEEE Trans Multimed 10(5):746–757

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Ling HF, Wang LY, Zou FH, Lu ZD, Li P (2011) Robust video watermarking based on affine invariant regions in the compressed domain. Signal Process 91:1863–1875

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  25. Kalantari NK, Ahadi SM, Kashi A (2007) A robust audio watermarking scheme using mean quantization in the wavelet transform domain. In: 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Signal Processing and Information Technology, pp 198–201

  26. Comesaa P, Perez-Gonzalez F (2007) On a watermarking scheme in the logarithmic domain and its perceptual advantages. In: International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), pp 145–148

  27. Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality (PESQ), An objective method for end-to-end speech quality assessment of narrow band telephone networks and speech codecs, ITU-T Recommendation P. 862, February 2001

  28. Zezula R, Mišurec J (2008) Audio digital watermarking algorithm based on SVD in MCLT domain. In: Third International Conference on Systems, pp 140–143

  29. Ravula R (2010) Audio watermarking using transformation techniques. Dissertation, Louisiana State University

  30. Recommendation BS (2001) 1387: method for objective measurements of perceived audio quality. International Telecommunication Union, Geneva, Switzerland

    Google Scholar 

  31. Scagliola M, Guccione P (2009) Providing invariance to nonlinear valumetric scaling for quantization based watermarking. In: International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), pp 1489–1492

  32. Vivekananda Bhat K, Sengupta I, Das A (2011) An audio watermarking scheme using singular value decomposition and dither-modulation quantization. Multimed Tool Appl 52(2–3):369–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Wang XY, Niu PP, Lu MY (2011) A robust digital audio watermarking scheme using wavelet moment invariance. J Syst Softw 84:1408–1421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Lin W-H, Wang Y-R, Horng S-J, Kao T-W, Pan Y (2009) A blind watermarking method using maximum wavelet coefficient quantization. Expert Syst Appl 36(9):11509–11516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Xiang SJ (2011) Audio watermarking robust against D/A and A/D conversions. EURASIP J Adv Signal Process. doi:10.1186/1687-6180-2011-3

  36. Xiang SJ, Huang JW (2007) Histogram-based audio watermarking against time-scale modification and cropping attacks. IEEE Trans Multimed 9(7):1357–1372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Zhao DW, Chen GR, Liu WB (2004) A chaos-based robust wavelet-domain watermarking algorithm. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 22(1):47–54

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Circuits and Systems, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China

    Xinkai Wang, Pengjun Wang, Peng Zhang, Shuzheng Xu & Huazhong Yang

Authors
  1. Xinkai Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Pengjun Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Peng Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Shuzheng Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Huazhong Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Huazhong Yang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wang, X., Wang, P., Zhang, P. et al. A blind audio watermarking algorithm by logarithmic quantization index modulation. Multimed Tools Appl 71, 1157–1177 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-012-1259-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-012-1259-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation