Abstract
This work proposes a data embedding method in encrypted images. The proposed method introduces a new embedding pattern which using the pixel spatial correlation in a block and border pixels on the block sides to achieve a low error rate effectively. In the extraction end, the neighboring blocks are also adopted to predict the current block to calculate the smoothness more accurately. Experimental results show our proposed method performs better than Zhang’s method and Hong’s method. In the case of the block size is 8 × 8, the error rate for the cover image Lena in Zhang’s method is 1.25 % and the error rate of Hong’s method is 0.34 %, while the error rate in our proposed embedding method reduces to 0.2 %.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chang C-C, Tai W-L, Lin C-C (2006) A reversible data hiding scheme based on side match vector quantization. IEEE Trans Circ Syst Video Technol 16(10):1301–1308
Hong W, Chen T-S, Wu H-Y (2012) An improved reversible data hiding in encrypted images using side match. IEEE Signal Process Lett 19(4):199–202
Lee J-D, Chiou Y-H, Guo J-M (2010) Reversible data hiding based on histogram modification of SMVQ indices. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 5(4):638–648
Ma K, Zhang W, Zhao X, Yu N, Li F (2013) Reversible data hiding in encrypted images by reserving room before encryption. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 8(3):553–562
Ni Z, Shi YQ, Ansari N, Su W (2006) Reversible data hiding. IEEE Trans Circ Syst Video Technol 16(8):354–362
Tai W-L, Yeh C-M, Chang C-C (2009) Reversible data hiding based on histogram modification of pixel differences. IEEE Trans Circ Syst Video Technol 19(6):906–910
Tian J (2003) Reversible data embedding using a difference expansion. IEEE Trans Circ Syst Video Technol 13(8):890–896
Zhang X (2011) Reversible data hiding in encrypted images. IEEE Signal Process Lett 18(4):255–258
Zhang X (2012) Separable reversible data hiding in encrypted image. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 7(2):826–832
Acknowledgments
This work is supported in part by Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education (Grant No. 20130201110071), Project Supported by Key Science and Technology Program of Shaanxi Province (Grant No. 2012GY2-30) and Open Project Program of the State Key Lab of SKL (Grant No. KFKT2013B05), Nanjing University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pan, Z., Wang, L., Hu, S. et al. Reversible data hiding in encrypted image using new embedding pattern and multiple judgments. Multimed Tools Appl 75, 8595–8607 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-015-2773-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-015-2773-4