Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

GPU-accelerated blind and robust 3D mesh watermarking by geometry image

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The prevalence of cheap and powerful consumer level graphics accelerated hardware introduces a significant growth of 3D applications. In this paper, we have proposed a GPU-accelerated blind and robust watermarking approach to the 3D polygon meshes on the basis of the geometry image transform and image watermarking, which performs watermark embedding and detection on the basis of the geometry image derived from a spherical parametrisation of the input mesh with the help of massive-parallel processing power of the GPUs on the display card. The experimental results show that our approach is successful in at least two aspects. First, the watermark is robust, the embedded watermark survives from common geometric attacks, cropping, simplification, and re-meshing attacks. Second, with the help of parallel computations on the GPUs, the embedding and detection process is extremely fast.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Abdallah EE, Hamza AB, Bhattacharya P (2007) Spectral graph-theoretic approach to 3d mesh watermarking. In: GI ’07: Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2007, pp. 327–334. ACM, New York, NY, USA. doi:10.1145/1268517.1268570

  2. Ackerman M (1998) The visible human project. Proc IEEE 86(3):504–511. doi:10.1109/5.662875

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Agarwal P, Prabhakaran B (2009) Robust blind watermarking of point-sampled geometry. Trans Info For Sec 4(1):36–48. doi:10.1109/TIFS.2008.2011081

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Benedens O (1999) Geometry-based watermarking of 3d models. IEEE Comput Graph Appl 19(1):46–55. doi:10.1109/38.736468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Benedens O (2003) Robust watermarking and affine registration of 3d meshes. In: IH ’02: Revised Papers from the 5th International Workshop on Information Hiding. Springer-Verlag, London, UK , pp 177–195

  6. Bors AG, Luo M (2013) Optimized 3d watermarking for minimal surface distortion. Image Processing IEEE Transactions on 22(5):1822–1835

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Brunton A, Zhao J (2005) Real-time video watermarking on programmable graphics hardware. In: Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2005. Canadian Conference on, pp. 1312–1315. doi:10.1109/CCECE.2005.1557218

  8. Cai S, Shen X (2011) Octree-based robust watermarking for 3d model. Journal of Multimedia 6(1):83–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Cano ECG, Bassem R, Sabourin R (2013) A parallel watermarking application on a g. Ingenio Magno 3(1):6–15

    Google Scholar 

  10. Cotting D, Weyrich T, Pauly M, Gross M (2004) Robust watermarking of point-sampled geometry. In: SMI ’04: Proceedings of the Shape Modeling International 2004, pp. 233–242. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA. doi:10.1109/SMI.2004.51

  11. Cox I, Miller ML, Bloom JA (2002) Digital watermarking. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco

    Google Scholar 

  12. Floater M, Hormann K, Ks G (2006) A general construction of barycentric coordinates over convex polygons. Adv Comput Math 24(1-4):311–331. doi:10.1007/s10444-004-7611-6

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. Garg H, Agarwal S (2013) A secure image based watermarking for 3d polygon mesh. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 16(4):287–303

    Google Scholar 

  14. Garimella A, Satyanarayana M, Murugesh P, Niranjan U (2004) Asic for digital color image watermarking. In: Digital Signal Processing Workshop, 2004 and the 3rd IEEE Signal Processing Education Workshop. 2004 IEEE 11th, pp. 292–296. IEEE

  15. Gu X, Gortler SJ, Hoppe H (2002) Geometry images. ACM Trans Graph 21(3):355–361. doi:10.1145/566654.566589

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Hoashi K, Uemukai T, Matsumoto K, Takishima Y (2009) Constructing a landmark identification system for geo-tagged photographs based on web data analysis. In: ICME’09: Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on multimedia and expo. IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, pp 606–609

  17. Jeong YJ, Moon KS, Kim JN (2008) Implementation of real time video watermark embedder based on haar wavelet transform using fpga. In: Future Generation Communication and Networking Symposia, 2008. FGCNS’08. Second International Conference on, vol. 3, pp. 63–66. IEEE

  18. Kalivas A, Tefas A, Pitas I (2003) Watermarking of 3d models using principal component analysis. In: ICME ’03: Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Multimedia and Expo. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, pp 637–640

  19. Kanai S, Date H, Kishinami T, et al. (1998) Digital watermarking for 3d polygons using multiresolution wavelet decomposition. In: Proc. Sixth IFIP WG 5.2 GEO-6, vol. 5, pp. 296– 307

  20. Karthigaikumar P, Baskaran K (2010) Hardware implementation of invisible image watermarking algorithm using secured binary image authentication technique. International Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics 3(4):333–354

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Karthigaikumar P, Baskaran K (2011) Fpga and asic implementation of robust invisible binary image watermarking algorithm using connectivity preserving criteria. Microelectron J 42(1):82– 88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Katzenbeisser S, Petitcolas FA (2000) Information Hiding Techniques for Steganography and Digital Watermarking. Artech House, Inc, Norwood

    Google Scholar 

  23. Koller D, Levoy M (2005) Protecting 3d graphics content. Commun ACM 48 (6):74–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Kougianos E, Mohanty SP, Mahapatra RN (2009) Hardware assisted watermarking for multimedia. Comput Electr Eng 35(2):339–358. doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2008.06.002. Circuits and Systems for Real-Time Security and Copyright Protection of Multimedia. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004579060800061X

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  25. Levoy M, Pulli K, Curless B, Rusinkiewicz S, Koller D, Pereira L, Ginzton M, Anderson S, Davis J, Ginsberg J, Shade J, Fulk D (2000) The digital michelangelo project: 3d scanning of large statues. In: SIGGRAPH ’00: Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, pp. 131–144. ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., New York, NY, USA. doi:10.1145/344779.344849

  26. Lin C, Zhao L, Yang J (2011) A high performance image authentication algorithm on gpu with cuda. International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications (IJISA) 3(2):52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Liu Y, Prabhakaran B, Guo X (2012) Spectral watermarking for parameterized surfaces. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 7(5):1459–1471

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Luo M, Bors A (2011) Surface-preserving robust watermarking of 3-d shapes. IEEE Trans Image Process 20(10):2813–2826. doi:10.1109/TIP.2011.2142004

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  29. Maity SP, Banerjee A, Kundu MK (2004) An image-in-image communication scheme and vlsi implementation using fpga. In: India Annual Conference, 2004. Proceedings of the IEEE INDICON 2004. First, pp. 6–11. IEEE

  30. Maity SP, Kundu MK, Maity S (2009) Dual purpose fwt domain spread spectrum image watermarking in real time. Comput Electr Eng 35(2):415–433

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  31. Mohanty S, Pati N, Kougianos E (2007) A watermarking co-processor for new generation graphics processing units. In: Consumer Electronics, 2007. ICCE 2007. Digest of Technical Papers. International Conference on, pp. 1–2. doi:10.1109/ICCE.2007.341552

  32. Ohbuchi R, Masuda H, Aono M (1997) Watermaking three-dimensional polygonal models. In: MULTIMEDIA ’97: Proceedings of the fifth ACM international conference on Multimedia, pp. 261–272. ACM, New York, NY, USA. doi:10.1145/266180.266377

  33. Ohbuchi R, Takahashi S, Miyazawa T, Mukaiyama A (2001) Watermarking 3d polygonal meshes in the mesh spectral domain. In: GRIN’01: No description on Graphics interface 2001. Canadian Information Processing Society, Toronto, pp 9–17

  34. Petitjean G, Dugelay JL, Gabriele S, Rey C, Nicolai J (2002) Towards real-time video watermarking for system-on-chip. In: Multimedia and Expo, 2002. ICME’02. Proceedings. 2002 IEEE International Conference on, vol. 1, pp. 597–600. IEEE

  35. Praun E, Hoppe H, Finkelstein A (1999) Robust mesh watermarking. In: SIGGRAPH ’99: Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, pp. 49–56. ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., New York, NY, USA. doi:10.1145/311535.311540

  36. Rolland-Névière X (2014) Robust 3d watermarking. Universite de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Ph.D. thesis

  37. Rolland-Neviere X, Doërr G, Alliez P (2014) Spread transform and roughness-based shaping to improve 3d watermarking based on quadratic programming. In: Image Processing (ICIP), 2014 IEEE International Conference on, pp. 4777–4781. IEEE

  38. Rolland-Neviere X, Doërr G, Alliez P (2014) Triangle surface mesh watermarking based on a constrained optimization framework. Information Forensics and Security. IEEE Transactions on 9(9):1491– 1501

    Google Scholar 

  39. Rolland-Neviere X, Doerr G, Alliez P (2015) Security analysis of radial-based 3d watermarking systems

  40. Roy SD, Li X, Shoshan Y, Fish A, Yadid-Pecht O (2013) Hardware implementation of a digital watermarking system for video authentication. Circuits and Systems for Video Technology. IEEE Transactions on 23(2):289–301

    Google Scholar 

  41. Shi W, Lee HHS, Yoo RM, Boldyreva A (2006) A digital rights enabled graphics processing system. In: Proceedings of the 21st ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHICS Symposium on Graphics Hardware, GH ’06, pp. 17–26. ACM, New York, NY, USA. doi:10.1145/1283900.1283903

  42. Singh LK, Chaudhry D, Varshney G (2012) A novel approach of 3d object watermarking algorithm using vertex normal, vol 60

  43. Snavely06 N, Seitz S.M, Szeliski R (2006) Photo tourism: exploring photo collections in 3d. In: SIGGRAPH ’06: ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Papers, pp. 835–846. ACM, New York, NY, USA. doi:10.1145/1179352.1141964

  44. Song HS, Cho N.I (2004) Digital watermarking of 3d geometry. In: Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems, 2004. ISPACS 2004. Proceedings of 2004 International Symposium on, pp. 272–277. doi:10.1109/ISPACS.2004.1439058

  45. Tirkel AZ, Rankin GA, van Schyndel RM, Ho WJ, Mee NRA, Osborn CF (1993) Electronic water mark. In: DICTA’93: Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications. Australian Pattern Recognition Society, Sydney, pp 666–672

  46. Uccheddu F, Corsini M, Barni M (2004) Wavelet-based blind watermarking of 3d models. In: MM& Sec ’04: Proceedings of the 2004 workshop on Multimedia and security, pp. 143–154. ACM, New York, NY, USA. doi:10.1145/1022431.1022456

  47. Vihari P, Mishra M (2012) Image authentication algorithm on gpu. In: Communication Systems and Network Technologies (CSNT), 2012 International Conference on, pp. 874–878. doi:10.1109/CSNT.2012.188

  48. Wagner MG (2000) Robust watermarking of polygonal meshes. In: GMP ’00: Proceedings of the Geometric Modeling and Processing 2000. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, p 201

  49. Wang K, Lavoue G, Denis F, Baskurt A (2008) A comprehensive survey on three-dimensional mesh watermarking. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia 10(8):1513–1527. doi:10.1109/TMM.2008.2007350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Wang K, Lavoué G, Denis F, Baskurt A (2011) Robust and blind mesh watermarking based on volume moments. Computers & Graphics 35(1):1–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Yi-qiang N, Bo L, Hong-bin Z (2007) A blind watermarking of 3d triangular meshes using geometry image. In: Computer Graphics, Imaging and Visualisation, 2007. CGIV ’07, pp. 335–340. doi:10.1109/CGIV.2007.3

  52. Zafeiriou S, Tefas A, Pitas I (2005) Blind robust watermarking schemes for copyright protection of 3d mesh objects. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 11(5):596–607. doi:10.1109/TVCG.2005.71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Zhan Yz, Li Yt, Wang Xy, Qian Y (2014) A blind watermarking algorithm for 3d mesh models based on vertex curvature. Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE C 15(5):351–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Electronic Engineering Department, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, 41170, Taiwan

    Hung-Kuang Chen

  2. Computer Science and Engineering Department, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan

    Wei-Sung Chen

Authors
  1. Hung-Kuang Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wei-Sung Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hung-Kuang Chen.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chen, HK., Chen, WS. GPU-accelerated blind and robust 3D mesh watermarking by geometry image. Multimed Tools Appl 75, 10077–10096 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-015-3062-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-015-3062-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation