Skip to main content
Log in

Automatic and semi-automatic annotation of people in photography using shared events

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article proposes an automatic and semi-automatic annotation technique for people in photos using the shared event concept, which consists of many photos captured by different devices of people who attended the same event. The technique uses an algorithm to group photos into personal events and then verifies which of these events are shared. The automatic annotation of people uses techniques of facial recognition and detection, while the semi-automatic annotation uses a pondered sum of estimators based on contextual information and picture content. Experiments showed that using the shared event concept increases the hit rate of automatic and semi-automatic annotations of people in the utilized photo collection.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3859963

  2. https://zephoria.com/top-15-valuable-facebook-statistics/

  3. https://searchenginewatch.com/2016/04/20/23-stats-and-facts-about-instagram/

  4. photos.google.com

  5. http://www.multimediaeval.org/

References

  1. Ahmad K, Conci N, Boato G, De Natale FG (2017) Event recognition in personal photo collections via multiple instance learning-based classification of multiple images. J Electr Imaging 26:6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ames M, Naaman M (2007) Why we tag: motivations for annotation in mobile and online media. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems - CHI ’07. ACM Press, New York

  3. Anderson TW (2011) Anderson-Darling tests of goodness-of-fit. In: International encyclopedia of statistical science. [s.n.] pp 52–54

  4. Andrade D, Figueirêdo H, Baptista C, Paiva A (2014) New approaches for geographic location propagation in digital photograph collections. In: 16th international conference on enterprise information systems, ICEIS 2014. Lisbon

  5. Andrade D, Maia L, Figueirêdo H, Viana W, Trinta F, Baptista C (2016) Photo annotation: a survey. Multimed Tools Appl, 1–35

  6. Bouselmi G, Fohr D, Illina I (2012) Multilingual recognition of non-native speech using acoustic model transformation and pronunciation modeling. I J Speech Technol 15(2):203–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Brenner M, Izquierdo E (2012) Social event detection and retrieval in collaborative photo collections. In: Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international conference on multimedia retrieval - ICMR ’12. ACM Press, Hong Kong

  8. Brenner M, Mirza N, Izquierdo E (2014) People recognition using gamified ambiguous feedback. In: Proceedings of the first international workshop on gamification for information retrieval (GamifIR ’14). ACM, New York, pp 22–26

  9. Chang X, Shen H, Wang S, Liu J, Li X (2014) Semi-supervised feature analysis for multimedia annotation by mining label correlation. In: Pacific-Asia conference on knowledge discovery and data mining. Springer, Cham, pp 74–85

  10. Choi JY, De NW, Plataniotis KN, Ro YM (2011) Collaborative face recognition for improved face annotation in personal photo collections shared on online social networks. IEEE Trans Multimed 13(1):14–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Chung K (1946) The approximate distribution of student’s statistic. Ann Math Statist Institut Math Statist 17(4):447–465

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  12. Cohen D, Steiner M, Kang T, Raghavan C (2012) Aggregating photos captured at an event. U.S. Patent 20170046341A1

  13. Conci N, et al. (2015) Synchronization of multi-user event media at MediaEval 2015: taskdescription, datasets, and evaluation. In: Working notes proceedings of the MediaEval 2015, Workshop, Wurzen

  14. Cooray SH (2008) Enhancing person annotation for personal photo management using content and context. Dublin City University, Dublin, p 2008

    Google Scholar 

  15. Cooray S, O’Connor NE, Gurrin C (2006) Identifying person re-occurrences for personal photo management applications. In: IET international conference on visual information engineering (VIE 2006). IEE, Bangalore

    Book  Google Scholar 

  16. Cooray SH, O’Connor NE (2009) Enhancing person annotation for personal photo management applications. In: 2009 20th international workshop on database and expert systems application

  17. Davis M, et al. (2004) From context to content: leveraging context to infer media metadata. In: Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM international conference on multimedia. ACM (Multimedia ’04), pp 188–195. Disponível em: http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1027527.1027572

  18. Davis M, et al. (2005) Towards context-aware face recognition. In: Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on multimedia. ACM (Multimedia ’05), pp 483–486

  19. Dao M, Boato G, Natale FGB, Nguyen TC (2013) Jointly exploiting visual and non-visual information for event-related social media retrieval. In: The 3rd ACM international conference on multimedia retrieval (ICMR ’13). ACM, New York, pp 159–166

  20. De Figueirêdo HF, Da Silva JPR, Leite DFB, De Baptista CS (2012) Detection of photos from the same event captured by distinct cameras. In: Proceedings of the 18th Brazilian symposium on multimedia and the web - WebMedia ’12. ACM Press, New York

  21. Escalante HJ, Montes M, Sucar LE (2012) Multi-class particle swarm model selection for automatic image annotation. Expert Syst Appl 39(12):11011–11021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Ester M, Kriegel H, Sander J, Xu X (1996) A density-based algorithm for discovering clusters a density-based algorithm for discovering clusters in large spatial databases with noise. In: Proceedings of the second international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining, KDD’96. AAAI Press, pp 226–231

  23. Feng K, et al. (2014) In search of influential event organizers in online social networks. In: Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGMOD international conference on management of data. ACM (SIGMOD ’14), pp 63–74

  24. Figueirêdo HF, Souza Baptista C, Casanova MA, Da Silva TE, De Paiva AC (2015) Semi-automatic photograph tagging by combining context with content-based information. Expert Syst Appl 42(1):203–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Freire TP, Junior GB, de Figueirêdo HF, de Souza Baptista C (2012) An approach of recommendation based on non-negative matrix factorization applied to photogeo. In: 6th international workshop on multimedia and signal processing, 2012. Viena, pp 43–46

  26. Gallagher AC, Chen T (2008) Clothing cosegmentation for recognizing people. In: IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition anchorage, AK: IEEE

  27. Gallagher AC, Chen T (2009) Using context to recognize people in consumer images. IPSJ Trans Comput Vis Appl 1:15–126

    Google Scholar 

  28. Gallagher AC, Neustaedter CG, Cao L, Luo J, Chen T (2008) Image annotation using personal calendars as context. In: Proceeding of the 16th ACM international conference on multimedia - MM ’08. ACM Press, New York

  29. Gao X, et al. (2013) GeSoDeck: a geo-social event detection and tracking system. In: Proceedings of the 21st ACM international conference on multimedia. ACM (MM ’13), pp 471–472

  30. Geng Y, Liang RZ, Li W, Wang J, Liang G, Xu C, Wang JY (2016) Learning convolutional neural network to maximize pos@ top performance measure

  31. Geng Y, Zhang G, Li W, Gu Y, Liang RZ, Liang G, Wang JY (2017) A novel image tag completion method based on convolutional neural transformation. In: International conference on artificial neural networks. Springer, Cham, pp 539–546

  32. Hanbury A (2008) A survey of methods for image annotation. J Vis Lang Comput 19, 5:617–627

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Huang SC, Jiau MK, Jian YH (2016) Optimisation of automatic face annotation system used within a collaborative framework for online social networks. IET Comput Vis 10(5):349–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Hulsebosch RJ, Ebben PWG (2008) Enhancing face recognition with location information. In: 2008 third international conference on availability, reliability and security, pp 397–403

  35. Ionescu B, Ginsca A, Boteanu B, Lupu M, Popescu A, Muller H (2016) Div150Multi: a social image retrieval result diversification dataset with multi-topic queries. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on multimedia systems, MMSys 2016. Klagenfurt, pp 42:1–42:6

  36. Ivasic-Kos M, Ipsic I, Ribaric S (2015) A knowledge-based multi-layered image annotation system. Expert Syst Appl 42(24):9539–9553

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Jaccard P (1901) Distribution de la flore alpine dans le bassin des Dranses et dans quelques régions voisines. Bulletin de la Socié,té Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles 37:241–272

    Google Scholar 

  38. Jamil N, Sa’dan SA (2014) Automated face annotation for personal photo management. In: Computational science and technology (ICCST), pp 1–5, 27–28

  39. Jang C, Yoon T, Cho H-G (2009) A new clustering methodology for group photos taken by multiple travelers. In: 2009 ninth IEEE international conference on computer and information technology

  40. Jang C, Yoon T, Cho H-G (2009) A smart clustering algorithm for photo set obtained from multiple digital cameras. In: Proceedings of the 2009 ACM symposium on applied computing - SAC ’09. ACM Press, New York

  41. Kim HN, El Saddik A, Jung JG (2012) Leveraging personal photos to inferring friendships in social network services. Expert Syst Appl 39(8):6955–6966

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Kolmogorov AN (1933) Foundations of probability. Berlin

  43. Lacerda YA, de Figueirêdo HF, de S Baptista C, de Paiva AC (2008) Expandindo e utilizando informações de contexto para a sugestão de anotações de fotografias digitais. In: Proceedings of the 14th Brazilian symposium on multimedia and the web - WebMedia ’08. ACM Press, New York, pp 162–169

  44. Lacerda YA, et al. (2008) PhotoGeo: a self-organizing system for personal photo collections. In: 2008 tenth IEEE international symposium on multimedia, pp 258–265

  45. Lienhart R, Maydt J (2002) An extended set of Haar-like features for rapid object detection. In: Proceedings international conference on image processing, Anais... [S.l.]. IEEE

  46. Lim J, Tian Q, Mulhem P (2003) Home photo content modeling for personalized event-based retrieval. IEEE MultiMed 10(4):28–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Lin D, et al. (2010) Joint people, event, and location recognition in personal photo collections using cross-domain context. In: Proceedings of the 11th European conference on computer vision: part i. Springer(ECCV’10), pp 243–256

  48. Lo Presti L, La Cascia M (2014) Concurrent photo sequence organization. Multimed Tools Appl 68(3):777–803

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Madhumathi K, Thanamani A (2014) Face annotation using unsupervised label refinement and facial gesture detection using Eigenfaces algorithm. Int J Adv Res Comput Commun Eng 3(9):7909–7911

    Google Scholar 

  50. Mann HB, Whitney DR (1947) On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other. Ann Math Statist Institut Math Statist 18(1):50–60

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  51. Markus N, Frljak M, Pandzic IS, Forchheimer R, Ahlberg J (2013) Object detection with pixel intensity comparisons organized in decision trees. ArXiv e-prints (may 2013)

  52. Mezaris V, et al. (2014) Real-life events in multimedia: detection, representation, retrieval, and applications. Multimed Tools Appl 70(1):1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Monaghan F, O’Sullivan D (2007) Leveraging ontologies, context and social networks to automate photo annotation. In: Proceedings of the semantic and digital media technologies 2nd international conference on semantic multimedia. Springer (SAMT’07), pp 252–255. Disponível em: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1780533.1780568

  54. Naaman M (2005) Leveraging geo-referenced digital photographs Stanford. Stanford University, California

    Google Scholar 

  55. Nakaji Y, Yanai K (2012) Visualization of real-world events with Geotagged tweet photos. In: 2012 IEEE international conference on multimedia and expo workshops, pp 272–277

  56. O’Hare N, Smeaton AF (2009) Context-aware person identification in personal photo collections. IEEE Trans Multimed 11(2):220–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Paniagua J, et al. (2013) Social events and social ties. In: Proceedings of the 3rd ACM conference on international conference on multimedia retrieval. ACM. (ICMR ’13), pp 143–150

  58. Patel T, Shah B (2017) A survey on facial feature extraction techniques for automatic face annotation. In: International conference on innovative mechanisms for industry applications (ICIMIA), [s.l.], v 1, n 1, pp 224–228, fev. 2017

  59. PSallidas F, et al. (2013) Effective event identification in social media. IEEE Data Eng Bull 36(3):42–50

    Google Scholar 

  60. Rabbath M, Sandhaus P, Boll S (2012) Analysing Facebook features to support event detection for photo-based Facebook applications. In: The 2nd ACM international conference on multimedia retrieval (ICMR ’12). ACM, Hong Kong, p 18

  61. Rodden K, Wood K (2003) How do people manage their digital photographs? In: CHI ’03: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems, vol 5, pp 409–416

  62. Ruocco M, Ramampiaro H (2015) Geo-temporal distribution of tag terms for event-related image retrieval. Inf Process Manag 51.1:92–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Sadlier DA, Lee H, Gurrin C, Smeaton AF, O’Connor NE (2008) User-feedback on a feature-rich photo organiser. In: 2008 ninth international workshop on image analysis for multimedia interactive services, pp 215–218

  64. Sansone E, et al. (2017) Automatic synchronization of multi-user photo galleries. IEEE Trans Multimed 19(6):1285–1298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Shimizu K, Nitta N, Babaguchi N (2011) Learning people co-occurrence relations by using relevance feedback for retrieving group photos. In: Proceedings of the 1st ACM international conference on multimedia retrieval - ICMR ’11. ACM Press, New York

  66. Stone Z, Zickler T, Darrell T (2008) Autotagging Facebook: social network context improves photo annotation. In: 2008 IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops

  67. Turk M, Pentland A (1991) Face recognition using eigenfaces. In: Proceedings IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, Anais [S.l.]. IEEE Comput. Sco. Press

  68. Varshney LR (2008) Identity annotation in photo collections: a survey. Camera Culture 1(1):1–12

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  69. Viola P, Jones M (2001) Rapid object detection using a boosted cascade of simple features. [S.l.]: IEEE Comput Soc, I-511-I-518

  70. Wang G, Gallagher AC, Luo J, Forsyth D (2010) Seeing people in social context: recognizing people and social relationships. In: Proceedings of the 11th European conference on computer vision. Springer, Crete

  71. Wang S, Yang Y, Ma Z, Li X, Pang C, Hauptmann AG (2012) Action recognition by exploring data distribution and feature correlation. In: 2012 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR). IEEE, pp 1370–1377

  72. Wang S, Yang Y, Ma Z, Li X, Pang C, Hauptmann AG (2014) Semi-supervised multiple feature analysis for action recognition. IEEE Trans Multimed 16(2):289–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Xu Y, Peng F, Yuan Y, Wang Y (2017) Face album: towards automatic photo management based on person identity on mobile phones. In: 2017 IEEE international conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing (ICASSP), pp 3031–3035

  74. Yagnik J, Islam A (2007) Learning people annotation from the web via consistency learning. In: Proceedings of the international workshop on workshop on multimedia information retrieval. ACM (MIR ’07), pp 285–290

  75. Zhang W, Zhang T, Tretter D (2010) Clothing-based person clustering in family photos. In: 2010 IEEE international conference on image processing

  76. Zhang G, Liang G, Li W, Fang J, Wang J, Geng Y, Wang JY (2017) Learning convolutional ranking-score function by query preference regularization. In: International conference on intelligent data engineering and automated learning. Springer, Cham, pp 1–8

  77. Zhang G, Liang G, Su F, Qu F, Wang JY (2018) Learning convolutional attribute embedding for domain-transfer learning. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence

  78. Zhu S, Shi Z, Sun C, Shen S (2015) Deep neural network based image annotation. Pattern Recogn Lett 65:103–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Zigkolis C, Papadopoulos S, Filippou G, Kompatsiaris Y, Vakali (2014) A collaborative event annotation in tagged photo collections. Multimed Tools Appl 70(1):89–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anderson Almeida Firmino.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Firmino, A.A., de Souza Baptista, C., de Figueirêdo, H.F. et al. Automatic and semi-automatic annotation of people in photography using shared events. Multimed Tools Appl 78, 13841–13875 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-6715-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-6715-9

Keywords

Navigation