Abstract
Recent 3D visual quality assessment methods still have difficulties in providing the best viewing experience from the viewer’s perspective due to the ambiguous understanding of human stereo vision. One of the key reasons is that the disparity gradient, which affects human depth perception, is hard to control for the input stereo image pair. In this paper, we mathematically formulated the human disparity gradient and optimized the disparity gradients for each stereo image pair. Considering that the disparity gradient needs to be limited to a specific range to satisfy the human visual preference and comfortableness, we proposed a new quantitative definition of disparity gradient and trained the optimal disparity gradients were learned from the pilot study to enhance the viewing experience. Extensive subjective evaluations have demonstrated the competitiveness of this proposed method for the improvement of the viewing experience.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bland J, Altman D (1999) Measuring agreement in method comparison studies. Stat Methods Med Res 8(2):135–160
Bulthoff H, Fahle M, Wegmann M (1991) Perceived depth scales with disparity gradient. Perception 20(2):145–153
Cao X, Li Z, Dai Q (2011) Semi-automatic 2D-to-3D conversion using disparity propagation. IEEE Trans Broadcast 57(2):491–499
Chang C, Lin C (2011) LIBSVM. ACM Trans Intell Syst Technol 2(3):1–27
Chen M-J, Cormack LK, Bovik AC (2013) No-reference quality assessment of natural stereopairs. IEEE Trans Image Process 22(9):3379–3391
Chen W, Jérôme F, Barkowsky M, Le Callet P (2012) Exploration of quality of experience of stereoscopic images: Binocular depth. In: Proc. Int. Workshop Video Process. Quality Metrics Consum. Electron. Scottsdale, pp. 116–121
Chen M-J, Kwon D-K, Bovik AC (2012) Study of subject agreement on stereoscopic video quality. In: Proc. IEEE Southwest Symp. Image Anal. Interpretation, Santa Fe, NM, USA, pp. 173–176
Filippini H, Banks M (2009) Limits of stereopsis explained by local cross-correlation. J Vis 9(1):8–8
Howard I (2012) Perceiving in depth, volume 1: basic mechanisms. Oxford University Press, New York
Huang W, Cao X, Lu K, Dai Q, Bovik A (2015) Toward naturalistic 2D-to-3D conversion. IEEE Trans Image Process 24(2):724–733
Jung C, Cao L, Liu H, Kim J (2015) Visual comfort enhancement in stereoscopic 3D images using saliency-adaptive nonlinear disparity mapping. Displays 40:17–23
Kane D, Guan P, Banks M (2014) The Limits of Human Stereopsis in Space and Time. J Neurosci 34(4):1397–1408
Lambooij M (2009) Visual discomfort and visual fatigue of Stereoscopic displays: A review. Journal of Imaging Science and Technology 53(3):030201
Li Z, Cao X, Dai Q (2012) A novel method for 2D-to-3D video conversion using bi-directional motion estimation. Proc IEEE ICASSP:1429–1432
McIntire JP, Havig PR, Geiselman EE (2014) Stereoscopic 3D displays and human performance: A comprehensive review. Displays 35(1):18–26
McKee S, Verghese P (2002) Stereo transparency and the disparity gradient limit. Vis Res 42(16):1963–1977
Moorthy AK, Su C-C, Mittal A, Bovik AC (2013) Subjective evaluation of stereoscopic image quality. Signal Process Image Commun 28(8):870–883
Oh H, Kim J, Kim J, Kim T, Lee S, Bovik AC (2017) Enhancement of Visual Comfort and Sense of Presence on Stereoscopic 3D Images. IEEE Trans Image Process 26(8):3789–3801
Saxena A, Sun M, Ng A (2009) Make3D: Learning 3D scene structure from a single still image. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 31(5):824–840
Seuntiens P, Meesters L, Ijsselsteijn W (2006) Perceived quality of compressed stereoscopic images: Effects of symmetric and asymmetric JPEG coding and camera separation. ACM Trans Appl Perception 3(2):95–109
Shibata T, Kim J, Hoffman DM, Banks MS (2011) The zone of comfort: Predicting visual discomfort with stereo displays. J Vis 11(8):11–11
Stereo Photo Maker (English) (2017). Software available from http://stereo.jpn.org/eng/stphmkr/. Accessed 30 June 2018
Tombari F, Mattoccia S, Di Stefano L (2010) Stereo for robots: quantitative evaluation of efficient and low-memory dense stereo algorithms. In: 11th Int. Conf. on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision (ICARCV 2010), pp. 73–78
Trivedi H, Lloyd S (1985) The role of disparity gradient in stereo vision. Perception 14(6):685–690
Tsutsui K, Taira M, Sakata H (2005) Neural mechanisms of three-dimensional vision. Neurosci Res 51(3):221–229
Tyler W (1975) Spatial organization of binocular disparity sensitivity. Vis Res 15(5):583–590
Urvoy M, Barkowsky M, Callet PL (2013) How visual fatigue and discomfort impact 3D-TV quality of experience: A comprehensive review of technological, psychophysical, and psychological factors. Ann Telecommun 68(11–12):641–655
Wang J, Lai S, Li M (2012) Improved Image Fusion Method Based on NSCT and Accelerated NMF. Sensors 12(12):5872–5887
Ware C (2004) Information visualization: Perception for design (interactive technologies). Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco
Zellinger, W, Moser BA, Chouikhi A, Seitner F, Nezveda M, Gelautz M (2016) Linear optimization approach for depth range adaption of stereoscopic videos. Stereoscopic Displays and Applications XXVII, IS&T Electronic Imaging
Zhang Z, Edwards M, Schor C (2001) Spatial interactions minimize relative disparity between adjacent surfaces. Vis Res 41:2995–3007
Zhang L, Tam WJ (2005) Stereoscopic image generation based on depth images for 3D TV. IEEE Trans Broadcast 51(2):191–199
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to thank the volunteers to conduct the subjective experiments.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xu, J., Park, S.H. & Zhang, X. Improvement of viewing experience on stereoscopic image guided by human stereo vision. Multimed Tools Appl 79, 4377–4394 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-7195-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-7195-2