Abstract
It is important to consider the tradeoff between imperceptibility and robustness requirements in developing an image-watermarking technique, some statistical model-based image watermarking schemes have been designed in the past decade. The effectiveness of a statistical watermark decoder depends highly on the modeling of the transform-domain coefficients and the use of hypothesis testing. In this study, a multiplicative image watermarking scheme is proposed in the nonsubsampled Shearlet transform (NSST) domain, where NSST coefficients are modeled by ranked set sample (RSS) based Cauchy statistical distribution and locally most powerful (LMP) test criterion is applied. Digital image watermarking technique consists of two parts, namely, embedding and extracting. In the embedding process, to achieve relatively good imperceptibility and robustness, watermark data is inserted into the significant NSST directional subband that has the highest energy value, by modifying nonlinearly the significant NSST coefficients. In the extracting phase, a scheme is proposed for designing a blind NSST domain watermark decoder incorporating the RSS based Cauchy statistical distribution and LMP test criterion. Here, the RSS method is used to estimate the location parameter and shape parameter of Cauchy statistical distribution instead of traditional maximum-likelihood (ML) method, which can provide the Cauchy model with higher precision parameters. Experimental results on a set of standard test images show significant improvements in imperceptibility and robustness using the proposed method compared with the best known state-of-the-art approaches.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmaderaghi B, Kurugollu F, Rincon JMD, Bouridane A (2018) Blind image watermark detection algorithm based on discrete shearlet transform using statistical decision theory. IEEE Trans Comput Imaging 4(1):46–59
Akhaee MA, Sahraeian SME (2015) Scaling-based watermarking with universally optimum decoder. Multimed Tools Appl 74(15):5995–6018
Akhaee MA, Sahraeian SME, Marvasti F (2010) Contourlet-based image watermarking using optimum detector in noisy environment. IEEE Trans Image Process 19(4):967–980
Akhaee MA, Kalantari NK, Marvasti F (2010) Robust audio and speech watermarking using Gaussian and Laplacian modeling. Signal Process 90(8):2487–2479
Ali M, Ahn CW, Pant M (2015) An image watermarking scheme in wavelet domain with optimized compensation of singular value decomposition via artificial bee colony. Inf Sci 301:44–60
Amini M, Ahmad MO, Swamy MNS (2017) Digital watermark extraction in wavelet domain using hidden Markov model. Multimed Tools Appl 76(3):3731–3749
Amini M, Ahmad MO, Swamy MNS (2018) A robust multibit multiplicative watermark decoder using vector-based hidden Markov model in wavelet domain. IEEE Trans Circ Syst Video Technol 28(2):402–413
Amini M, Sadreazami H, Ahmad MO, Swamy MNS (2019) A channel-dependent statistical watermark detector for color images. IEEE Trans Multimed 21(1):65–73
Amirmazlaghani M, Rezghi M, Amindavar H (2015) A novel robust scaling image watermarking scheme based on Gaussian mixture model. Expert Syst Appl 42(4):1960–1971
Asikuzzaman M, Pickering MR (2018) An overview of digital video watermarking. IEEE Trans Circ Syst Video Technol 28(9):2131–2153
Bian Y, Liang S (2013) Locally optimal detection of image watermarks in the wavelet domain using Bessel-K form distribution. IEEE Trans Image Process 22(6):2372–2384
Briassouli A, Tsakalides P, Stouraitis A (2005) Hidden message in heavy-tails: DCT-domain watermark detection using alpha-stable models. IEEE Trans Multimed 7(4):700–715
Chaurasia P (2014) Biometrics minutiae detection and feature extraction. Pers Individ Differ 63(6):81–86
Chiv NN, Sinha BK, Wu Z (1995) Estimation of the location parameter of a Cauchy distribution using a ranked set sample. Metreka 42(1):234–235
Dong L, Yan Q, Lv Y (2017) Full band watermarking in DCT domain with Weibull model. Multimed Tools Appl 76(2):1983–2000
Easley G, Labate D, Lim WQ (2008) Sparse directional image representations using the discrete Shearlet transform. Appl Comput Harmon Anal 25(1):25–46
Etemad S, Amirmazlaghani M (2018) A new multiplicative watermark detector in the contourlet domain using t location-scale distribution. Pattern Recogn 77:99–112
Hamghalam M, Mirzakuchaki S, Akhaee MA (2014) Geometric modelling of the wavelet coefficients for image watermarking using optimum detector. IET Image Process 8(3):162–172
Hou B, Zhang X, Bu X, Feng H (2012) SAR image despeckling based on nonsubsampled shearlet transform. IEEE J Sel Top Appl Earth Obs Remote Sens 5(3):809–823
Kalantari NK, Ahadi SM, Vafadust M (2010) A robust image watermarking in the Ridgelet domain using universally optimum decoder. IEEE Trans Circ Syst Video Technol 20(3):396–406
Khosravi MR, Samadi S (2019) Efficient payload communications for IoT-enabled ViSAR vehicles using discrete cosine transform-based quasi-sparse bit injection. EURASIP J Wirel Commun Netw 2019(1):1–10
Khosravi MR, Samadi S (2020) Reliable data aggregation in internet of ViSAR vehicles using chained dual-phase adaptive interpolation and data embedding. IEEE Internet Things J 7(4):2603–2610
Khosravi MR, Yazdi M (2018) A lossless data hiding scheme for medical images using a hybrid solution based on IBRW error histogram computation and quartered interpolation with greedy weights. Neural Comput & Applic 30:2017–2028
Khosravi MR, Rostami H, Samadi S (2018) Enhancing the binary watermark-based data hiding scheme using an interpolation-based approach for optical remote sensing images. Int J Agric Environ Inf Syst 9(2):53–71
Kwitt R, Meerwald P, Uhl A (2008) A lightweight RAO-Cauchy detector for additive watermarking in the DWT-domain. In: Proceedings of the 10th ACM Workshop on Multimedia and Security, New York : 33–42.
Ng TM, Garg HK (2005) Maximum- likelihood detection in DWT domain image watermarking using Laplacian modeling. IEEE Signal Process Lett 12(4):285–288
Panah AS, Van Schyndel R, Sellis T (2016) On the properties of non-media digital watermarking: a review of state of the art techniques. IEEE Access 4:2670–2704
Qasim AF, Meziane F, Aspin R (2018) Digital watermarking: applicability for developing trust in medical imaging workflows state of the art review. Comput Sci Rev 27:45–60
Qi HY, Zheng D, Zhao JY (2008) Human visual system based adaptive digital image watermarking. Signal Process 88(1):174–188
Sadreazami H, Ahmad MO, Swamy MNS (2014) A study of multiplicative watermark detection in the Contourlet domain using alpha-stable distributions. IEEE Trans Image Process 23(10):4348–4360
Sadreazami H, Ahmad MO, Swamy MNS (2016) Multiplicative watermark decoder in Contourlet domain using the normal inverse Gaussian distribution. IEEE Trans Multimed 18(2):196–207
Song I, Kassam SA (1990) Locally optimum detection of signals in a generalized observation model: the known signal case. IEEE Trans Inf Theory 36:502–515
Song I, Bae J, Kim SY (2009) Advanced theory of signal detection: weak signal detection in generalized observations. Springer Berlin, 2(2):63–64.
Wang X, Liu Y, Xu H, Wang A, Yang H (2016) Blind optimum detector for robust image watermarking in nonsubsampled shearlet domain. Inf Sci 372:634–654
Winkler T, Rinner B (2014) Security and privacy protection in visual sensor networks: a survey. ACM Comput Surv 47(1) 2:1–42
Acknowledgments
This work was supported partially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61472171 & 61701212), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Nos. 2017 M621135 & 2018 T110220), Key Scientific Research Project of Liaoning Provincial Education Department (LZ2019001), Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (2019-ZD-0468), and High-level Innovation Talents Foundation of Dalian (No.2017RQ055).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Niu, Pp., Shen, X., Song, Yf. et al. Locally optimum watermark decoder in NSST domain using RSS-based Cauchy distribution. Multimed Tools Appl 79, 33071–33101 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09621-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-09621-y