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A multipermutation superposition coding-based fragile watermarking for probabilistic encryption

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A Correction to this article was published on 30 June 2022

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Abstract

Considering the requirements of comprehensive data security protection in the current distributed technology environment, this paper proposes a new fragile watermarking algorithm in the ciphertext domain, which takes advantage of multipermutation superposition coding and the single-plaintext-multiple-ciphertext characteristic of probabilistic encryption. Without decryption, the proposed algorithm realizes integrity verification and tamper localization in the ciphertext domain and also embeds a large-capacity meaningful watermark, which is rare for fragile watermarking. According to the experimental results, in addition to the basic function implementation, the proposed ciphertext domain fragile watermarking algorithm has little impact on the security of the cryptographic algorithm and does not affect the decryption. Meanwhile, the proposed algorithm is highly sensitive to data tampering, which can be located at the pixel level. More importantly, the proposed algorithm is easy to implement and does not require the original carrier data during watermark extraction; thus, it serves as a valuable reference for the implementation of ciphertext data integrity verification technology.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. U1604160.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China

    Li Jiang, Hao Zheng, Haoyuan Wang & Zhi Quan

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  1. Li Jiang
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  2. Hao Zheng
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  3. Haoyuan Wang
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  4. Zhi Quan
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Correspondence to Zhi Quan.

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The original online version of this article was revised: The section citations in the last three sentences in Section 1 were incorrect; the last line of equation (6) was incorrect; the label of equation (7) was missing; the section citation of the first sentence of section 5 was incorrect; and the variables in the sub-section "2) Encrytion" of Section 5.1 were incorrectly presented.

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Jiang, L., Zheng, H., Wang, H. et al. A multipermutation superposition coding-based fragile watermarking for probabilistic encryption. Multimed Tools Appl 81, 30025–30048 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-12949-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-12949-2

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