Skip to main content
Log in

Pedestrian Detection Based on Light-Weighted Separable Convolution for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

  • Published:
Neural Processing Letters Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The growth in the number of vehicles in the world makes it hard to safely share the environment with pedestrians. Pedestrian’s safety is an important task that needs to be granted in the traffic environment. New cars are equipped with advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) with a variety of applications. Pedestrian detection application is one of the most important applications for an ADAS that needs to be enhanced. In this paper, we propose a pedestrian detection system to be implemented in an ADAS. The proposed system is based on convolutional neural networks thanks to its performance when solving computer vision applications. On the other side, the proposed system ensures real-time processing and high detection performance. The proposed system will be designed by tacking the advantage of building lightweight convolution blocks and model compression techniques to ensure an embedded implementation. Those blocks will guarantee high precision and fast processing speed. To train and evaluate the proposed system, we used the Caltech dataset. The evaluation of the proposed system resulted in 87% of mean average precision and an inference speed of 35 frames per second.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Yosinski J, Clune J, Bengio Y, Lipson H (2014) How transferable are features in deep neural networks? In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 3320–3328

  2. Krizhevsky A, Sutskever I, Hinton GE (2012) Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 1097–1105

  3. Glorot X, Bengio Y (2010) Understanding the difficulty of training deep feedforward neural networks. In: Proceedings of the thirteenth international conference on artificial intelligence and statistics, pp 249–256

  4. Yu J, Tan M, Zhang H, Tao D, Rui Y (2019) Hierarchical deep click feature prediction for fine-grained image recognition. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2019.2932058

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Yu J, Tao D, Wang M, Rui Y (2014) Learning to rank using user clicks and visual features for image retrieval. IEEE Trans Cybern 45(4):767–779

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Yu J, Zhu C, Zhang J, Huang Q, Tao D (2019) Spatial pyramid-enhanced NetVLAD with weighted triplet loss for place recognition. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 31(2):661–674

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Ayachi R, Said Y, Atri M (2019) To perform road signs recognition for autonomous vehicles using cascaded deep learning pipeline. Artif Intell Adv 1(1):1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Afif M, Ayachi R, Said Y, Pissaloux E, Atri M (2018) Indoor image recognition and classification via deep convolutional neural network. In: International conference on the sciences of electronics, technologies of information and telecommunications. Springer, Cham, pp 364–371

  9. Deng J, Guo J, Xue N, Zafeiriou S (2019) Arcface: additive angular margin loss for deep face recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 4690–4699

  10. Hong C, Yu J, Zhang J, Jin X, Lee K-H (2018) Multimodal face-pose estimation with multitask manifold deep learning. IEEE Trans Ind Inform 15(7):3952–3961

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Wang Y, Haichao YU, Gao D, Wang J (2019) Image segmentation and object detection using fully convolutional neural network. U.S. Patent Application 10/304,193, filed May 28

  12. Ayachi R, Afif M, Said Y, Atri M (2020) Traffic signs detection for real-world application of an advanced driving assisting system using deep learning. Neural Process Lett 51(1):837–851

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Yu J, Yao J, Zhang J, Yu Z, Tao D (2020) SPRNet: single-pixel reconstruction for one-stage instance segmentation. IEEE Trans Cybern. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCYB.2020.2969046

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Hong C, Jun Yu, Wan J, Tao D, Wang M (2015) Multimodal deep autoencoder for human pose recovery. IEEE Trans Image Process 24(12):5659–5670

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  15. Zhang J, Jun Yu, Tao D (2018) Local deep-feature alignment for unsupervised dimension reduction. IEEE Trans Image Process 27(5):2420–2432

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  16. Krishnamoorthi R (2018) Quantizing deep convolutional networks for efficient inference: a whitepaper. arXiv preprint arXiv:1806.08342

  17. Yeom S-K, Seegerer P, Lapuschkin S, Wiedemann S, Müller K-R, Samek W (2019) Pruning by explaining: a novel criterion for deep neural network pruning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1912.08881

  18. Howard AG, Zhu M, Chen B, Kalenichenko D, Wang W, Weyand T, Andreetto M, Adam H (2017) Mobilenets: efficient convolutional neural networks for mobile vision applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:1704.04861

  19. Liu Z, Chen Z, Li Z, Hu W (2018) An efficient pedestrian detection method based on YOLOv2. Math Probl Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3518959

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Redmon J, Farhadi A (2017) YOLO9000: better, faster, stronger. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 7263–7271

  21. Dalal N, Triggs B (2005) INRIA person dataset. Online: http://pascal.inrialpes.fr/data/human. Accessed 21 Sept 2019

  22. Dollár P, Wojek C, Schiele B, Perona P (2009) Pedestrian detection: a benchmark, pp 304–311

  23. Goodfellow I, Pouget-Abadie J, Mirza M, Xu B, Warde-Farley D, Ozair S, Courville A, Bengio Y (2014) Generative adversarial nets. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 2672–2680

  24. Liu W, Anguelov D, Erhan D, Szegedy C, Reed S, Fu C-Y, Berg AC (2016) SSD: single shot multibox detector. In: European conference on computer vision. Springer, Cham, pp 21–37

  25. Dinakaran RK, Easom P, Bouridane A, Zhang L, Jiang R, Mehboob F, Rauf A (2019) Deep learning based pedestrian detection at distance in smart cities. In: Proceedings of SAI intelligent systems conference. Springer, Cham, pp 588–593

  26. Krizhevsky A, Hinton G (2009) Learning multiple layers of features from tiny images, vol 1, no. 4. Technical report. University of Toronto

  27. Zhang L, Lin L, Liang X, He K (2016) Is faster R-CNN doing well for pedestrian detection? In: European conference on computer vision. Springer, Cham, pp 443–457

  28. Ren S, He K, Girshick R, Sun J (2015) Faster R-CNN: towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 91–99

  29. Friedman J, Hastie T, Tibshirani R (2000) Additive logistic regression: a statistical view of boosting (with discussion and a rejoinder by the authors). Ann Stat 28(2):337–407

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Appel R, Fuchs T, Dollár P, Perona P (2013) Quickly boosting decision trees—pruning underachieving features early. In: International conference on machine learning, pp 594–602

  31. Said Y, Barr M (2019) Pedestrian detection for advanced driver assistance systems using deep learning algorithms. Int J Comput Sci Netw Secur 19(9):10

    Google Scholar 

  32. Tian Y, Luo P, Wang X, Tang X (2015) Pedestrian detection aided by deep learning semantic tasks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 5079–5087

  33. Ess A, Leibe B, Van Gool L (2007) Depth and appearance for mobile scene analysis. In: 2007 IEEE 11th international conference on computer vision. IEEE, pp 1–8

  34. Du X, El-Khamy M, Morariu VI, Lee J, Davis L (2018) Fused deep neural networks for efficient pedestrian detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.08688

  35. Opitz D, Maclin R (1999) Popular ensemble methods: an empirical study. J Artif Intell Res 11:169–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Deng L, Platt JC (2014) Ensemble deep learning for speech recognition. In: Fifteenth annual conference of the international speech communication association

  37. Bjorck N, Gomes CP, Selman B, Weinberger KQ (2018) Understanding batch normalization. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 7694–7705

  38. Ayachi R, Afif M, Said Y, Atri M (2018) Strided convolution instead of max pooling for memory efficiency of convolutional neural networks. In: International conference on the sciences of electronics, technologies of information and telecommunications. Springer, Cham, pp 234–243

  39. Kingma DP, Ba J (2014) Adam: a method for stochastic optimization. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.6980

  40. Verbickas R, Laganiere R, Laroche D, Zhu C, Xu X, Ors A (2017) SqueezeMap: fast pedestrian detection on a low-power automotive processor using efficient convolutional neural networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition workshops, pp 146–154

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Riadh Ayachi.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ayachi, R., Said, Y. & Ben Abdelaali, A. Pedestrian Detection Based on Light-Weighted Separable Convolution for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems. Neural Process Lett 52, 2655–2668 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11063-020-10367-9

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11063-020-10367-9

Keywords

Navigation