Abstract
An erasure correction strategy based on fountain coding is proposed for traffic with real-time requirements. A sliding window marks the range of non-expired data. Each new block entering the window is once sent as such, followed by probabilistically sending a repair packet. The repair packets are formed as a random combination of the blocks in the current window using a degree distribution as in LT coding. The performance of the method with a given channel loss probability is analyzed using a Markov chain model. The state space, however, has to be truncated for computational tractability. The truncation error is verified to be small enough by simulations. By using the analytical model the optimal degree distribution is found to be of single-degree type. The performance of the proposed scheme is compared with deterministic settings, in which repair packets are sent after fixed number of systematic packets. Further comparison is made against Raptor coding, and we note that using the presented strategy can result in better performance in some situations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
3GPP TS 26.346 v.8.1.0 (2008). Technical specification group services and system aspects; multimedia broadcast/multicast service; protocols and codecs (Tech. rep.). 3GPP. Available online at http://www.3gpp.org.
Bogino, M. C., Cataldi, P., Grangetto, M., Magli, E., & Olmo, G. (2007). Sliding-window digital fountain codes for streaming of multimedia contents. In IEEE international symposium on circuits and systems.
Byers, J., Luby, M., & Mitzenmacher, M. (2002). A digital fountain approach to asynchronous reliable multicast. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 20(8), 1528–1540.
Elliott, E. (1963). Estimates of error rates for codes on burst-error channels. Bell Systems Technical Journal, 42, 1977–1997.
Gilbert, E. (1960). Capacity of a burst-error channel. Bell Systems Technical Journal, 39, 1253–1266.
Luby, M. (2002). LT codes. In The 43rd annual IEEE symposium on foundations of computer science (pp. 271–282).
Luby, M., Shokrollahi, A., Watson, M., & Stockhammer, T. (2007). RFC 5053: raptor forward error correction scheme: scheme for object delivery (Tech. rep.). IETF.
Luby, M., Watson, M., Gasiba, T., Stockhammer, T., & Xen, W. (2006). Raptor codes for reliable download delivery in wireless broadcast systems. In Proceedings of IEEE consumer communications and networking conference, CCNC 2006 (pp. 192–197).
MacKay, D. J. (2005). Fountain codes. IEE Proceedings Communications, 152(6), 1062–1068.
Shokrollahi, A. (2006). Raptor codes. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 52(6), 2551–2567.
Tirronen, T., & Virtamo, J. (2008). Finding fountain codes for real-time data by fixed point method. In Proceedings of international symposium on information theory and its applications, ISITA 2008.
Wu, D., Hoy, Y., Zhu, W., Zhang, Y. Q., & Peha, J. M. (2001). Streaming video over the internet: approaches and directions. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 11, 282–300.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tirronen, T., Virtamo, J. Fountain-inspired erasure coding for real-time traffic. Telecommun Syst 48, 219–232 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-010-9330-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-010-9330-2