Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Scanning Modulation Transfer Function Model of TDI CMOS Image Sensor

  • Published:
Journal of Signal Processing Systems Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An analytical model of Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) for Time-Delay-Integration CMOS Image Sensor (TDI-CIS) in the scanning direction is proposed. Impacts of pixel valid sensitive ratio, scanning efficiency, velocity mismatch ratio and TDI stage on MTF are studied based on the analysis of TDI-CMOS temporal oversampling rolling-shutter readout timing principle. By establishing a TDI-CIS imaging-simulation system according to geometric perspective and light transmission relationship from continuous known objects to a discrete image on the pixel plane, simulations of TDI-CIS imaging process under different circumstances are carried out. Then knife-edge method is used to calculate MTF of the TDI image. The simulation results show that MTF is inversely proportional to valid sensitive ratio and scanning efficiency. MTF keeps steady when velocity mismatch ratio is 0, and it decreases with the increase of TDI stage when velocity mismatch ratios are non-zero values. At the same time, the tendency that the MTF decreases with the increase of velocity mismatch ratio is getting more obvious when TDI stage increases. MTF at a specific frequency can even drop to almost 0 when the velocity mismatch ratio increases to 30 % and the number of TDI stages is 16.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Yacong Z, Dan L, Wengao L, et al. (2005). A TDI CMOS readout circuit for IRFPA with linearity improvement. IEEE Conference on Electron Devices and Solid-State Circuits, Hong Kong, December, 2005: 589–592.

  2. Kim, C. B., Hwang, C. H., Kim, B. H., et al. (2008). CMOS TDI readout circuit that improves SNR for satellite IR applications. Electronics Letters, 44(5), 346–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. H. Michaelis, R. Jaumann, S. Mottola et al. (2005). CMOS-APS sensor with TDI for high resolution planetary remote sensing. IEEE workshop on Charge-Coupled Devices and Advanced Image Sensors, Nagano, Japan, June, 2005: 31–34.

  4. Cem Baykal, I., & Jullien, G. A. (2001). Self synchronization of time delay and integration (TDI) cameras. Proceedings of the 44th IEEE 2001 Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems., 1, 184–187. Dayton, OH, August, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Lepage, G., Bogaerts, J., & Meynants, G. (2009). Time-delay-integration architectures in CMOS image sensors. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 56(11), 2524–2533.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Wong, H. S., Yao, Y. L., & Schlig, E. S. (1992). TDI charge-coupled devices: design and applications. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 36(1), 83–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Barbe, D. F. (1976). Charge-coupled device and charge-injection device imaging. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, SC-11(1), 109–114.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  8. Feltz, J. C., & Karim, M. A. (1990). Modulation transfer function of charge-coupled devices. Applied Optics, 29(5), 717–722.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Johnson, J. F. (1993). Modeling imager deterministic and statistical modulation transfer functions. Applied Optics, 32(32), 6503–6513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Djite, I., Estribeau, M., Magnan, P., et al. (2012). Theoretical models of modulation transfer function, quantum efficiency, and crosstalk for CCD and CMOS image sensors. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 59(3), 729–737.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Xiaowei Shi, Xingwu Wu, Xiaojian Xu. (2008). Modulation Transfer Function Model of Scanning TDI Sensors with Oversampling-Superposition. Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings, 2008. IMTC 2008. Victoria, BC, May, 2008: 652–656.

  12. XinZhi, H. A. N. (2002). Discussion on CCD modulation transfer function of the pushbroom space remote sensor along track. Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves, 21(2), 145–147.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Lepage, G., Dantès, D., & Diels, W. (2006). CMOS long linear array for space application. Electronic Imaging 2006. International Society for Optical and Photonics.. doi:10.1117/12.641945.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  14. Lepage G. (2010). Time delayed integration CMOS image sensor with zero desynchronization. U.S. Patent No. 7,675,561. 9 Mar. 2010.

  15. Nie, K., Yao, S., Jiangtao, X., et al. (2014). Thirty two-stage CMOS TDI image sensor with on-chip analog accumulator. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, 22(4), 951–956.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Nie, K., Yao, S., Jiangtao, X., et al. (2014). A 128-stage analog accumulator for CMOS TDI image sensor. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and System-I: Regular Papers, 61(7), 1952–1961.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. El Gamal, A., & Eltoukhy, H. (2005). CMOS image sensors. IEEE Circuits & Devices Magazine, 21(3), 6–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Nie K, Yao S, Xu J, et al. (2013). Modeling and simulation of TDI CMOS image sensors. ISPDI 2013-Fifth International Symposium on Photoelectronic Detection and Imaging. Beijing, June, 2013: 89070F-89070F-7.

  19. Tianhui Wang, Shengyang Li, Xuzhi Li. (2009). An automatic MTF measurement method for remote sensing cameras. 2nd IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology, 2009. Beijing, August, 2009: 245–248.

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NFSC) (No. 61076024, 61274021)

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Electronic Information Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, China

    Kaiming Nie, Lin Li, Suying Yao & Jiangtao Xu

Authors
  1. Kaiming Nie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lin Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Suying Yao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jiangtao Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jiangtao Xu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Nie, K., Li, L., Yao, S. et al. Scanning Modulation Transfer Function Model of TDI CMOS Image Sensor. J Sign Process Syst 82, 17–25 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-015-0975-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-015-0975-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation