Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

PN code acquisition using smart antennas and adaptive thresholding for spread spectrum communications

  • Published:
Wireless Networks Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper, we consider a pseudo-noise (PN) code acquisition for direct sequence spread spectrum communication in a Rayleigh fading multipath channel environment using smart antenna and adaptive thresholding automatic trimmed-mean constant false alarm rate (ATM-CFAR) processing. A smart antenna is an array of antenna elements that can modify the array pattern adaptively to minimize the effect of multiple access interference (MAI) from other users and multipath. PN code acquisition using a fixed threshold may lead to an excessive number of false alarms, and thus, adaptive thresholding ATM-CFAR processing is considered. In addition, since the interference (MAI and multipath) can be considered as outliers, an outlier determiner is embedded to the proposed system based on the interquartile range. This novel approach of combining smart antennas and adaptive thresholding ATM-CFAR detection with an outlier determiner proved to be very robust since it resulted in a serious enhancement of the probability of detection.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Chryssomallis, M. (2000). Smart antennas. IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., 42, 129–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Godara, L. C. (2004). Smart antenna. New York: CRC Press LLC.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  3. Bing, W., & Kwon, H. M. (2003). PN code acquisition using smart antenna for spread-spectrum wireless communications. I. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., 52, 142–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Bing, W., & Kwon, H. M. (2003). PN code acquisition for DS-CDMA systems employing smart antennas. II. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., 2, 108–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Barkat, M. (2005). Signal detection and estimation (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Artech House.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Sofwan, A., & Barkat, M. (2012). PN code acquisition using smart antennas and adaptive thresholding trimmed-mean CFAR processing for CDMA communication. In Spring Congress on Engineering and Technology (S-CET) (pp. 1–4).

  7. Polydoros, A., & Weber, C. (1984). A unified approach to serial search spread-spectrum code acquisition—Part I: General theory. IEEE Trans. Commun., 32, 542–549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Lie-Liang, Y., & Hanzo, L. (2001). Serial acquisition of DS-CDMA signals in multipath fading mobile channels. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., 50, 617–628.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Sourour, E. A., & Gupta, S. C. (1990). Direct-sequence spread-spectrum parallel acquisition in a fading mobile channel. IEEE Trans. Commun., 38, 992–998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Rick, R. R., & Milstein, L. B. (1997). Parallel acquisition in mobile DS-CDMA systems. IEEE Trans. Commun., 45, 1466–1476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Zhuang, W. (1996). Noncoherent hybrid parallel PN code acquisition for CDMA mobile communications. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., 45, 643–656.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Van Der Meer, A., & Liyana-Pathirana, R. (2003). Performance analysis of a hybrid acquisition system for DS spread spectrum. In TENCON 2003 Conference on Convergent Technologies for Asia-Pacific Region (Vol. 1, pp. 121–125).

  13. Rick, R. R., & Milstein, L. B. (1997). Parallel acquisition of spread-spectrum signals with antenna diversity. IEEE Trans. Commun., 45, 903–905.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Oh-Soon, S., & Kwang Bok, L. (2003). Use of multiple antennas for DS/CDMA code acquisition. IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., 2, 424–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Meng, W., Sun, S., Chen, H., & Li, J. (2013). Multi-user interference cancellation in complementary coded CDMA with diversity gain. In IEEE Wireless Communications Letters (Vol. PP, pp. 1–4).

  16. Dodd, R., Schlegel, C., & Gaudet, V. (2013). DS-CDMA implementation with iterative multiple access interference cancellation. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap., 60, 222–231.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  17. Al-fuhaidi, B. A., Hassan, H. E. A., Salah, M. M., & Alagooz, S. S. (2012). Parallel interference cancellation with different linear equalisation and rake receiver for the downlink MC-CDMA systems. IET Commun., 6, 2351–2360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Zhang, X., Gao, X., & Wang, Z. (2009). Blind paralind multiuser detection for smart antenna CDMA system over multipath fading channel. Prog. Electromagn. Res., 89, 23–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Recioui, A., Bentarzi, H., Azrar, A., Dehmas, M., & Challal, M. (2009) Combating multiple access interference in wireless communication systems employing Smart Antennas. In 6th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices (pp. 1–4).

  20. Dau-Chyrh, C., & Cheng-Nan, H. (2012). Smart antennas for advanced communication systems. Proc. IEEE, 100, 2233–2249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Finn, H. M., & Johnson, R. S. (1968). Adaptive detection mode with threshold control as a function of spatially sampled clutter-level estimates. RCA Rev., 29, 414–464.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Habib, M. A., Barkat, M., Aissa, B., & Denidni, T. A. (2008). CA-CFAR detection performance of radar targets embedded in “non centered Chi-2 gamma” clutter. Prog. Electromagn. Res., 88, 135–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Rohling, H. (1983) Radar CFAR thresholding in clutter and multiple target situations. In IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems (Vol. AES-19, pp. 608–621).

  24. Himonas, S. D., & Barkat, M. (1992). Automatic censored CFAR detection for nonhomogeneous environments. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., 28, 286–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Cho, C. M., & Barkat, M. (1993). Moving ordered statistics CFAR detection for nonhomogeneous backgrounds. IEE Proc. F Radar and Signal Process., 140, 284–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Oh, H.-S., & Han, D.-S. (2005). An adaptive double-dwell PN code acquisition system in DS-CDMA communications. Sig. Process., 85, 2327–2337.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  27. Chang-Joo, K., Dong-Doo, L., Tae-Won, H., Hyuck-Jae, L., & Hwang-Soo, L. (1998). Adaptive hybrid acquisition of PN sequences for DS/SS communications. Electron. Lett., 34, 939–940.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Benkrinah, S., & Barkat, M. (2005) An adaptive acquisition using order statistic CFAR in DS-CDMA serial search for a multipath Rayleigh fading channel. In The Third IEEE International Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices, Tunisia.

  29. Bekhakhecha, R., Barkat, M., & Alshebeili, S. (2006) Adaptive acquisition of a PN code using OS-CFAR detection and antenna diversity for a multipath Rayleigh fading channel. In International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering, Malaysia.

  30. Berbra, K., Barkat, M., & Anou, A. (2014). PN code acquisition using smart antenna and adaptive thresholding CFAR based on ordered data variability for CDMA communications. Prog. Electromagn. Res. B, 57, 139–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Lehtomaki, J. J., Vartiainen, J., Juntti, M., & Saarnisaari, H. (2007). CFAR outlier detection with forward methods. IEEE Trans. Signal Process., 55, 4702–4706.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  32. Tuckey, J. W. (1977). Exploratory data analysis (1st ed.). Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Barnett, V., & Lewis, T. (1994). Outliers in statistical data (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  34. Hoaglin, D. C., Iglewicz, B., & Tuckey, J. W. (1986). Performance of some resistant rules for outlier labeling. J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 81, 991–999.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  35. Sim, C. H., Gan, F. F., & Chang, T. C. (2005). Outlier labeling with boxplot procedures. J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 100, 642–652.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  36. Proakis, J. G. (2001). Digital communications (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Rick, R. R., & Milstein, L. B. (1998). Optimal decision strategies for acquisition of spread-spectrum signals in frequency-selective fading channels. IEEE Trans. Commun., 46, 686–694.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Song, Y. S., Kwon, H. M., & Min, B. J. (2001). Computationally efficient smart antennas for CDMA wireless communications. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., 50, 1613–1628.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Yang, L. L., & Simsa, J. (2000). Performance evaluation of spread-spectrum code acquisition using four-state Markov process. IEEE Proc. Commun., 147, 231–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Chang-Joo, K., Tae-Won, H., Hyuck-Jae, L., & Hwang-Soo, L. (1997). Acquisition of PN code with adaptive threshold for DS/SS communications. Electron. Lett., 33, 1352–1354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Gandhi, P. P., & Kassam, S. A. (1988). Analysis of CFAR processors in nonhomogeneous background. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., 24, 427–445.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Research Centre of College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University. The authors are grateful for this support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA

    Aghus Sofwan & Salman A. AlQahtani

  2. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology, Valencia College, Orlando, FL, USA

    Mourad Barkat

Authors
  1. Aghus Sofwan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mourad Barkat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Salman A. AlQahtani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Salman A. AlQahtani.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sofwan, A., Barkat, M. & AlQahtani, S.A. PN code acquisition using smart antennas and adaptive thresholding for spread spectrum communications. Wireless Netw 22, 223–234 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-015-0969-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-015-0969-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation