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Constructing an optimally balanced tree to maximize data throughput with multiple channels

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Abstract

It is critical to improve throughput in real-time wireless sensor networks in order to reduce delay in data gathering and satisfy more real-time applications with tighter deadlines. One approach to achieving this is to construct a tree, such that the sizes of sub-trees of a root are well balanced, and to then assign a unique channel to each sub-tree. However, it is not easy to construct a balanced tree, because each node has to know the current connectivity status of other nodes in the network, which is not reasonable due to the increase in control overhead. We prove that building an optimal balanced tree is NP-Complete. Thus, we devise a heuristic algorithm to efficiently construct a balanced tree that is almost comparable to an optimally balanced tree. Furthermore, we suggest a way that each sub-tree is constructed to increase parallel transmission within itself. We apply the slotted sense multiple access (SSMA) protocol to each sub-tree, and evaluate the new approach with SSMA using a single channel and multi-channel lightweight medium access control. According to simulation results, SSMA using a balanced tree significantly outperforms other protocols in terms of packet delivery ratio and energy consumption.

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Notes

  1. Irregular interference occurs since the interference range of a wireless signal is always farther than the communications range.

  2. Opportunistic slot reuse: Suppose that there are multiple (sender and receiver) pairs that need data transmission using CSMA. If senders and receivers are not blocked by RTS’s of the other senders or CTS’s of the other receivers, the senders can transmit data simultaneously, thus reusing a sharable slot opportunistically.

Abbreviations

T(i):

{i} + {j|j is a descendant of node i}

level(i):

The level of node i

R:

The transmission range of a node

d(i,j):

The distance of node i and j

P(i):

The parent of node i

PCL(i):

Parent candidate list: the list of parent candidates of node i: \(PCL\left( i \right) = \{ k|d\left( {k,i} \right) \le R,level\left( k \right) = level\left( i \right) - 1)\}\)

CH(i):

Channel: the channel number of node i

PCCL(i):

Parent candidate channel list: the list of channels that the parent candidates of node i hold

ACL(i):

Allocated channel list: the list of channels allocated to the nodes at level i

NCL(i):

Neighbor channel list: the list of channels allocated to the neighbors at the same level

G(l):

The set of nodes located at level l

S(i):

The set of siblings of node i, including itself

C(i):

The list of children for node i

d(x):

Degree of node x: the number of edges outgoing from node x

TCR(S):

The tree construction request message issued by a sink: \(TCR\left( S \right) = \left( {level\left( S \right),\left( {a,b,c, \ldots } \right)} \right)\)

JREQ:

A join request message: JREQ(v) = (v, level(v), CH(v))

JRES:

A join response message: JRES(v) = (v, level(v), CH(v))

ACK:

An acknowledgment message: ACK(v) = (v, level(v), CH(v))

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Acknowledgement

This research was supported by the 2015 Research Fund of University of Ulsan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ubicom Lab, School of Computer Engineering and Information Technology, University of Ulsan, P.O. Box 18, Ulsan, 680-749, Korea

    Trang Tien Nguyen & Hoon Oh

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  1. Trang Tien Nguyen
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  2. Hoon Oh
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Correspondence to Hoon Oh.

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Nguyen, T.T., Oh, H. Constructing an optimally balanced tree to maximize data throughput with multiple channels. Wireless Netw 24, 993–1005 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-017-1550-x

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