Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Waveform evaluations subject to hardware impairments for mm-wave mobile communications

  • Published:
Wireless Networks Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Millimeter-wave bands are receiving great attention for mobile radio communications due to potential availability of enormous channel bandwidths. Larger channel bandwidths are very important to meet ever increasing data rate and capacity demands of future wireless networks. At high carrier frequencies, transmitted and received signals can suffer from severe hardware impairments. We evaluate the performance of several state-of-the-art waveforms, e.g., Cyclic-Prefix (CP)-OFDM, Windowed (W)-OFDM, Pulse-shaped (P)-OFDM, Universal-Filtered (UF)-OFDM, Filter-Bank Multi-Carrier with Offset Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, and DFT-spread (DFT-s)-OFDM, in the presence of hardware impairments. In particular, waveform comparisons have been evaluated in terms of bit error rate, error vector magnitude, and spectral confinement subject to oscillator phase noise and nonlinear power amplifier. It is observed that all waveforms perform similarly subject to hardware impairments—making CP-OFDM with low complexity filtering/windowing operations an attractive option to improve the spectral confinement. One major drawback of multi-carrier waveforms is the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). Various low complexity PAPR reduction techniques for OFDM have been evaluated subject to hardware impairments. It is observed that in case of nonlinear PA and high power transmission, these simple PAPR reduction schemes can achieve similar performance as compared to DFT-s-OFDM, making OFDM also suitable for coverage limited scenarios where power efficiency is important.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Andrews, J., Stefano, B., Wan, C., et al. (2014). What will 5G Be? IEEE Communications Magazine, 32(6), 1065–1082.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bala, E., Li, J., & Yang, R. (2013). Shaping spectral leakage: A novel low-complexity transceiver architecture for cognitive radio. IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, 8(3), 38–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Zhao, Z., Schellmann, M., Wang, Q., et al. (2015). Pulse shaped OFDM for asynchronous uplink access. In Proceedings of the IEEE 49th Asilomar conference on signals, systems and computers (ACSSC), Pacific Grove, CA.

  4. Steendam, H. (2014). Design and analysis of the UW-OFDM signal. In Proceedings of the IEEE 6th international symposium on communication, control, and signal processing (ISCCSP), Athens.

  5. Vakilian, V., Wild, T., Schaich, F., et al. (2013). Universal-filtered multi-carrier technique for wireless systems beyond LTE. In Proceedings of the IEEE Globecom workshops (GC wkshps), Atlanta, GA.

  6. Bellanger, M. (2012). FS-FBMC: An alternative scheme for filter bank based multicarrier transmission. In Proceedings of the IEEE 5th international symposium on communication, control, and signal processing (ISCCSP), Rome.

  7. Huang, G., Nix, A., & Armour, S. (2007). Impact of radio resource allocation and pulse shaping on paper of SC-FDMA signals. In Proceedings of the IEEE 18th international symposium on personal, indoor and mobile radio communications (PIMRC).

  8. Berardinelli, G., Tavares, F., Sǿrensen, T., et al. (2013). Zero-tail DFT-spread-OFDM signals. In Proceedings of the IEEE Globecom workshops (GC wkshps), Atlanta, GA.

  9. Svensson, N. (1995). On differentially encoded star 16QAM with differential detection and diversity. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 44(3), 586–593.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Zaidi, A., Luo, J., Gerzaguet, R., et al. (2016). A preliminary study on waveform candidates for 5G mobile radio communications above 6 GHz. In Proceedings of the IEEE vehicular technology conference (VTC), Nanjing, China.

  11. Juo, J., Zaidi, A., Jakko, V, et al. (2016). Preliminary radio interface concepts for mm-wave mobile communications. mmMAGIC Deliverable D4.1 (online). https://5g-mmmagic.eu/results.

  12. 3GPP TR 38.802, Study on new radio access technology physical layer aspects, 3GPP, Tech. Rep., V14.1.0, 2017-06.

  13. Harri, H., & Antti, T. (2011). LTE for UMTS: Evolution to LTE advanced (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Rahmatallah, Y., & Mohan, S. (2013). Peak-to-average power ratio reduction in OFDM systems: A survey and taxonomy. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 15(4), 1567–1592.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Thompson, S. C., Proakis, J. G., & Zeidler, J. R. (2005). The effectiveness of signal clipping for PAPR and total degradation reduction in OFDM systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE global telecommunication conference (GLOBECOM).

  16. Ochiai, H., & Imai, H. (2012). Performance analysis of deliberately clipped OFDM signals. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 50(1), 89–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Jiang, T., Yang, Y., & Song, Y. (2005). Exponential companding technique for PAPR reduction in OFDM systems. IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, 51(2), 244–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Armstrong, J. (2001). New OFDM peak-to-average power reduction scheme. In Proceedings of the IEEE vehicular technology conference (VTC).

  19. Song, J., & Ochiai, H. (2015). Performance analysis for OFDM signals with peak cancellation. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 64(1), 261–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Robert, J., Zhao, C., & Tong, G. (2006). Constrained clipping for crest factor reduction in OFDM. IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, 52(4), 570–575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Zaidi, A., Baldemair, R., Tullberg, H., et al. (2016). Waveform and numerology to support 5G services and requirements. IEEE Communications Magazine, 54(11), 90–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Sharif, M., & Khalaj, B. H. (2001). Peak to mean envelope power ratio of over-sampled OFDM signals: An analytical approach. In Proceedings of the IEEE international conference communications (ICC).

  23. Petrovic, D., Rave, W., & Fettweis, G. (2007). Effects of phase noise on OFDM systems with and without PLL: Characterization and compensation. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 55(8), 1607–1616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Wu, S., & Bar-Ness, Y. (2004). FDM system in the presence of phase noise: Consequences and solutions. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 52(11), 1988–1996.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Chen, X., Wang, H., Fan, W., et al. (2017). Phase noise effect on MIMO-OFDM systems with common and independent oscillators. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8238234.

  26. Hunukumbure, M., Castaňeda, M., D’Errico, R., et al. (2016). Initial multi-node and antenna transmitter and receiver architectures and schemes, mmMAGIC Deliverable D5.1 (online). https://5g-mmmagic.eu/results.

  27. Chorti, A., & Brookes, M. (2006). A spectral model for RF oscillators with power-law phase noise. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, 53(9), 1989–1999.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  28. Demir, A. (2006). Computing timing jitter from phase noise spectra for oscillators and phase-locked loops with white and 1/f noise. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, 53(9), 1869–1884.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Niknejad, A., Chowdhury, D., & Chen, J. (2012). Design of CMOS power amplifiers. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 60(6), 1784–1796.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Cripps, S. C. (2002). Advanced techniques in RF power amplifier design. Norwood, MA: Artech House.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Vuolevi, J., Rahkonen, T., & Manninen, J. (2001). Measurement technique for characterizing memory effects in RF power amplifiers. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 49(8), 1383–1389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Nader, C., Landin, P. N., Moer, W., et al. (2011). Performance evaluation of peak-to-average power ratio reduction and digital pre-distortion for OFDM based systems. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 59(12), 3504–3511.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. SystemVue Electronic System-Level (ESL) Design Software (online). http://www.keysight.com/en/pc-1297131/systemvue-electronic-system-level-esl-design-software?cc=US.

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work is partly funded by 5G PPP mmMAGIC project, which is a European Commission H2020 program under Grant Agreement No. 671650.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Keysight Laboratories, Keysight Technologies, Inc., Aalborg, Denmark

    Hua Wang

  2. School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China

    Xiaoming Chen

  3. Ericsson Research, Stockholm, Sweden

    Ali A. Zaidi

  4. Huawei Technologies Duesseldorf GmbH, Munich, Germany

    Jian Luo

  5. Keysight Laboratories, Keysight Technologies, Inc., Rotselaar, Belgium

    Michael Dieudonne

Authors
  1. Hua Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xiaoming Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ali A. Zaidi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jian Luo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Michael Dieudonne
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hua Wang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, H., Chen, X., Zaidi, A.A. et al. Waveform evaluations subject to hardware impairments for mm-wave mobile communications. Wireless Netw 25, 2217–2231 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-017-1643-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-017-1643-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation