Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Stimulating Node Cooperation in Mobile Ad hoc Networks

  • Published:
Wireless Personal Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) rely on the cooperation of nodes for packet routing and forwarding. Much of the existing work in MANETs assume that mobile nodes (possibly owned by selfish users) will follow prescribed protocols without deviation. However, a user may misbehave due to several advantages resulting from noncooperation, the most obvious being power saving. As such, the network availability is severely endangered. Hence, enforcing the cooperation among nodes becomes a very important issue. Several different approaches have been developed to detect non-cooperative nodes or deal with the non-cooperative behavior of mobile nodes in MANETs. These protocols are first surveyed in details in this paper. It is found that the proposed approaches have several concerns that prevent them from really enforcing the node cooperation in MANETs. Thus, a new scheme that can stimulate and also enforce nodes to cooperate in a selfish ad hoc environment is presented. We also present a mechanism to detect and exclude potential threats of selfish mobile nodes. The simulation results indicate that by using the proposed scheme, MANETs can be robust against nodes’ misbehaving and the performance of the network is enhanced many folds when compared to other existing schemes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Bangnan X., Hischke S., Walke B. (2003). The role of ad hoc networking in future wireless communications. International Conference on Communication Technology (ICCT 2003) 2, 1353–1358

    Google Scholar 

  2. Buttyan, L., & Hubaux, J. P. (2003). Stimulating cooperation in self organizing mobile ad hoc networks. In ACM/Kluwer Mobile Networks and Applications (MONET), 8(5), Oct. 2003.

  3. Buchegger, S., & Le Boudec, J.-Y. (2002). Performance analysis of the CONFIDANT protocol: Cooperation of nodes: Fairness In Dynamic ad-hoc networks. In Proceedings of IEEE/ACM Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHOC), Lausanne, CH, June, 2002.

  4. Michiardi, P., & Molva, R. (2002). Core: A COllaborative REputation mechanism to enforce node cooperation in mobile ad hoc networks. IFIP-Communicatin and Multimedia Securtiy Conference, 2002.

  5. Zhong, S., Chen, J., & Richard Yang, Y. (2003). Sprite: A simple, cheatproof, credit-based system for mobile ad hoc networks. In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM ’03, San Francisco, CA, April 2003.

  6. Blazevic, L., Buttyan, L., Capkun, S., Giordano, S., Hubaux, J. P., & Le Boudec, J. Y. (2001). Self-organization in mobile ad-hoc networks: The approach of terminodes. IEEE Communications Magazine, 39(6), June 2001.

  7. Marti, S., Giuli, T. J., Lai, K., & Baker, M. (2000). Mitigating routing misbehavior in mobile ad hoc networks. In Proceedings of MOBICOM 00, pp. 255–265, August 2000.

  8. Ben Salem, N., Buttyan, L., Hubaux, J. P., & Jakobsson, M. (2003). A charging and rewarding scheme for packet forwarding in multihop cellular networks. In Proceedings of MobiHoc’03, 2003.

  9. Anderegg, L., & Eidenbenz, S. (2003). Ad hoc-VCG: A truthful and cost-efficient routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks with selfish agents. International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pp. 245–259, 2003.

  10. Hu, J. (2005). Cooperation in mobile ad hoc networks. Technical report, Computer Science Department, Florida State University, January 11, 2005.

  11. Buttyan, L., & Hubaux, J.-P. (2001). Nuglets: A virtual currency to stimulate cooperation in self organized mobile ad hoc networks. Technical report No. DSC/2001, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, August 2001.

  12. Senn, D. (2003). Reputation and trust management in ad hoc networks with misbehaving nodes. Diploma Thesis, July 2003.

  13. Buttyan, L., & Hubaux, J. P. (2000). Enforcing service availability in mobile ad-hoc WANs. In Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM Workshop on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing (MobiHOC), Boston, MA, USA, August 2000.

  14. Bansal, S., & Baker, M. (2003). Observation-based cooperation enforcement in ad hoc networks.http://arxiv.org/pdf/cs.NI/0307012, July 2003.

  15. Conti, M., Gregori, E., & Maselli, G. (2003). Towards reliable forwarding for ad hoc networks. Technical report, IIT Institute-CNR, Italy, 2003.

  16. Al-Karaki J.N., Kamal A.E. End-to-End support for statistical quality of service in heterogeneous mobile ad hoc networks. Computer Communications, 28(18): 2119–2132

  17. Al-Karaki, J. N., & Kamal, A. E. (2004) On the optimal clustering in mobile ad hoc networks. In Proceedings of IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking, Las Vegas, Nevada USA / January 5–8, 2004.

  18. The ns-2 simulator. http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns

  19. Kamal, A. E., & Al-Karaki, J. N. (2007). RMM: A new mobility model for mobile ad hoc networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Engineering, The Hashemite University, Zarka, 13115, Jordan

    Jamal N. Al-Karaki

  2. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, IA, Ames, 50010, USA

    Ahmed E. Kamal

Authors
  1. Jamal N. Al-Karaki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ahmed E. Kamal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jamal N. Al-Karaki.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Al-Karaki, J.N., Kamal, A.E. Stimulating Node Cooperation in Mobile Ad hoc Networks. Wireless Pers Commun 44, 219–239 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-007-9432-7

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-007-9432-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation