Abstract
The use of spreading codes with a zero correlation zone or a low correlation zone can reduce multiple access interference in code-division multiple-access (CDMA) radio systems. However, problems can arise from the limited number of codewords. In this paper it is shown that this shortage of codewords can be mitigated by a combination of two approaches. Existing constructions of binary and ternary codes for quasisynchronous CDMA are modified to double the number of spreading codewords. Increases in correlation are restricted to certain codeword pairs. A metaheuristic algorithm inspired by those used in frequency assignment is then used to assign these codewords. This is done in such a way that a satisfactory signal-to-interference ratio across the network is obtained. Excellent results are reported for several networks. Interference is lower than when a Gold code is used as a scrambling code. Bit-error-rate improvements are quantified in the case that binary phase shift keying is used.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Dinan E.H., Jabbari B. (1998) Spreading codes for direct sequence CDMA and wideband CDMA cellular networks. IEEE Communications Magazine 36(9): 48–54
Chen H.-H., Chu S.-W., Kuroyanagi N., Han Vinck A.J. (2007) An algebraic approach to generate super-set of perfect complementary codes for interference-free CDMA. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 7(5): 605–622
Welch L.R. (1974) Lower bounds on the maximum cross correlation of signals. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory IT- 20(3): 397–399
Sarwate D.V., Pursley M.B. (1980) Crosscorrelation properties of pseudorandom sequences. Proceedings of the IEEE 68(5): 593–619
Fan P.Z. (2004) Spreading sequence design and theoretical limits for quasisynchronous CDMA systems. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 1: 19–31
Tan X.H., Fang P.Z. (2001) Bounds on aperiodic and odd correlations of spreading sequences with low or zero correlation zone. Electronics Letters 37(19): 1201–1202
Aardal K.I., van Hoesel C.P.M., Koster A.M.C.A., Mannino C., Sassano A. (2003) Models and solution techniques for the frequency assignment problem. 4OR: Quarterly Journal of the Belgian, French and Italian Operations Research Societies 1(4): 261–317
Jung Y.-H., Lee Y.H. (2001) Scrambling code planning for 3GPP W-CDMA systems. Proceedings of IEEE vehicular technology conference Spring 2001, Rhodes, Greece 4: 2431–2434
Jones, R. A., Smith, D. H., & Perkins, S. (2003). Assignment of spreading codes in DS-CDMA UWB systems. Proceedings of IEEE conference on ultra wideband systems and technologies, Reston, Virginia, November 2003, C4.
Tan X.H., Fang P.Z., Matsufuji S. (2000) Lower bounds on correlation of spreading sequence set with low or zero correlation zone. Electronics Letters 36(6): 210–218
Smith D.H., Perkins S. (2008) Cyclically permutable representations of cyclic codes. Discrete Applied Mathematics 156: 76–81
Lin X.D., Chang K.H. (1997) Optimal PN sequence design for quasisynchronous CDMA communication systems. IEEE Transactions on Communications 45(2): 221–226
Stańczak, S., Boche, H., & Haardt, M. (2001). Are LAS codes a miracle? IEEE Global Communications Conference ’01 (GLOBECOM), San Antonio, TX, USA, November 2001, BWS05-4, pp. 589–593.
Tang X., Mow W.H. (2006) Design of spreading codes for quasi-synchronous CDMA with intercell interference. IEEE Journal on Sele cted Areas in Communications 24(1): 84–93
MacWilliams, F. J., & Sloane, N. J. A. (1977). The Theory of Error-Correcting Codes. North-Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Capone, A., & Trubian, M. (1999). Channel assignment problem in cellular systems: a new model and a tabu search algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, VT-48(4), 1252–1260.
Hurley, S., Whitaker, R. M., & Smith, D. H. (2000). Channel assignment in cellular networks without channel separation constraints. Proceedings of IEEE vehicular technology conference (Fall ’00), Boston, pp. 1714–1718.
Montemanni R., Moon J.N.J., Smith D.H. (2003) An improved tabu search algorithm for the fixed spectrum frequency assignment problem. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 52(4): 891–901
Smith D.H., Taplin R.K., Hurley S. (2001) Frequency assignment with complex co-site constraints. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility 43(2): 210–218
Montemanni, R., Smith, D. H., & Allen, S. M. (2002). An ANTS algorithm for the minimum-span frequency assignment problem with multiple interference. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, VT-51(5), 949–953.
Nechaev A.A. (1991) Kerdock code in a cyclic form. Discrete Applied Mathematics 1(4): 365–384
Pursley M.B. (1977) Performance evaluation for phase-coded spread-spectrum multiple-access communication -part I: system analysis. IEEE Transactions on Communications COM-25(8): 795–799
Long B, Zhang P, Hu J. (1998) A generalized QS-CDMA system and the design of new spreading codes. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology VT-47(4): 1268–1275
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sanusi, S.O., Smith, D.H., Jones, R.A. et al. The Application of Frequency Assignment Techniques in Spreading Code Assignment. Wireless Pers Commun 54, 397–415 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-009-9732-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-009-9732-1