Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ad Hoc Network Duplexing, Multiplexing, and Multiple Access: Canonical Results for Two Limiting Topologies

  • Published:
Wireless Personal Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Wireless ad-hoc networks have seen much attention in recent years, for the numerous benefits they offer. There are still a number of open research questions regarding these networks, and this paper addresses the question of which duplexing, multiplexing, and multiple access (D/M/MA) techniques are preferable in ad hoc networks. These techniques have substantial impact on network performance, yet this particular topic has seen surprisingly little attention. In this paper, we investigate D/M/MA techniques in ad-hoc networks and specifically address how to allocate time/frequency resources to improve network performance. We provide a comparison of time, frequency, and time-frequency schemes in terms of a number of features, including throughput, relative range and capacity. To keep the analyses tractable, we conduct our study using two limiting or “extreme” topologies: full mesh and pure relay networks. Our results show that for a peak power constraint, in terms of data rate, range, or capacity, continuous single-carrier waveforms are superior to bursted multi-carrier waveforms, and these schemes are attained with appropriate application of “hybrid” time-frequency division. Latency and throughput simulation results are provided for mesh networks, and analytical signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio and simulation results for relay networks are also provided, to support our theoretically-based claims.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Code division multiple access (CDMA), which requires spectral spreading beyond the bandwidth needed for data transmission, is widely used in military and covert communication systems, for its resistance to interference, multipath fading and physical layer security [35]. It is used in commercial cellular systems as well. Although CD is worth study in ad hoc networks, for reasons of length we do not discuss CDMA further in this paper.

  2. Note this definition of MA could also be viewed as demultiplexing at the receiver.

  3. If transmission data rates are not identical in the two directions, we would separate the analysis into “uplink” and “downlink” and apply the different data rates to the two directions; although this clearly affects results, our subsequent attention to the more realistic topologies will assume equal data rates for all nodes, hence we focus on this case.

  4. The actual relationship between bit rate and bandwidth will depend on the specific modulation, coding, pulse shape filter, etc. For simplicity, we use this approximation here. For linear modulation, bit rate and bandwidth will always be proportional.

  5. Schemes in different topologies are distinguished by abbreviations, e.g., “MT” for mesh time division, “RTF” for relay time-frequency division.

  6. We note for the geometrically-astute reader that in networks with more than 3 nodes, all link distances cannot be equal, but on a per-link basis this does not affect our conclusions.

References

  1. Adams, S., Cain, B., Olds, K., & Griessler, P. (November, 2008). A comparison of FDD and TDD/TDMA architectures for airborne backbone network traffic. Proceedings of MILCOM ’08. (pp. 17–19) San Diego, CA.

  2. Aggelou, G. (2005). Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Akyildiz, I. F., Wang, X., & Wang, W. (March, 2004). Wireless mesh networks: A survey. Journal of Computer Networks (Elsevier).

  4. Andrews, J. G., Ganti, R. K., Haenggi, M., Jindal, N., & Weber, S. (2010). A primer on spatial modeling and analysis in wireless Networks. Communications Magazine, IEEE, 48(11), 156–163.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Andrews, J. G., Weber, S., & Haenggi, M. (2007). Ad Hoc networks: To spread or not to spread? Communications Magazine, IEEE, 45(12), 84–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Broch, J., Maltz, D. A., Johnson, D. B., Hu, Y., & Jetcheva, J. (1998). A performance comparison of multi-hop wireless Ad Hoc network routing protocols. Dallas, Tx: MobiCom.

  7. Camp, J. D., & Knightly, E. W. (2008). The IEEE 802.11s extended service set mesh networking standard. Communications Magazine, IEEE, 46(8), 120–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Chan, P. W. C., et al. (2006). The evolution path of 4G Networks: FDD or TDD? IEEE Communications Magazine, 44(12), 42–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Comaniciu, C., & Poor, H. V. (2007). On energy-efficient cross-layer design: Joint power control and routing for Ad Hoc networks. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, Article ID 60706, Volume.

  10. Couch, L. W. (2007). Digital and analog communication systems (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Cover, T. M., & Thomas, J. A. (2006). Elements of information theory (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishers.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  12. Ferrari, G., Malvassori, S. A., & Tonguz, O. K. (2008). On physical layer-oriented routing with power control in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. Proceedings of IET Communications, 2(2), 306–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Griessler, P., Cain, J. B., & Hanks, R. (2007) Modeling architecture for DTDMA channel access protocol for mobile network nodes using directional Antennas. Proceedings of MILCOM ’07, Orlando, FL, 29–31 October.

  14. Gupta, P., & Kumar, P. R. (2000). The capacity of wireless networks. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 46, 388–404.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  15. Haenggi, M., & Puccinelli, D. (2005). Routing in Ad Hoc networks: A case for long Hops. Communications Magazine, IEEE, 43(10), 93–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Information theory for mobile Ad Hoc networks (ITMANET), DARPA IPTO program, http://www.darpa.mil/ipto/programs/itmanet/itmanet.asp, December 2008.

  17. Karras, K., Kyritsis, T., Amirfeiz, M. A., & Baiotti, S. (2008) Aeronautical Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. In Proceedings of 14th European wireless conference, Prague, Czech Republic, 22–25 June.

  18. Laneman, J. N., Wornell, G. W., & Tse, D. N. C. (2001). An efficient protocol for realizing cooperative diversity in wireless networks. IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (p. 294).

  19. Li, F., & Wang, Y. (2007). Routing in vehicular Ad Hoc networks: A survey. IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, 2(2), 12–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Matolak, D. W. (Nov., 2008). Duplexing, multiplexing, and multiple access: A comparative analysis For mesh networks. In Proceedings of MILCOM (pp. 17–19). San Diego, CA.

  21. Mehrotra, A. (1997). GSM system engineering. Boston, MA: Artech House.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Muqattash, A., Krunz, M., & Ryan, W. E. (2003). Solving the near-far problem in CDMA-based Ad Hoc networks. Elsevier Journal Ad Hoc Networks, 1(4), 435–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Nosratinia, A., El Hunter, T., & Hedayat, A. (2004). Cooperative communication in wireless networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 42(10), 74–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Otyakmaz, A., Schoenen, R., Dreier, S., & Walke, B.H. (2008). Parallel operation of half- and full-duplex FDD in future multi-Hop mobile radio networks. In Proceedings of 14th European Wireless Conference, Prague, Czech Republic, 22–25 June.

  25. Panichpapiboon, S., Ferrari, G., & Tonguz, O. K. (2010). Connectivity of Ad Hoc wireless networks: An alternative to graph-theoretic approaches. Wireless Network, 16(3), 793–811.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Proakis, J. G. (2008). Digital communications (5th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Rappaport, T. S. (2002). Wireless communications, principles and practice (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Rokitansky, C., Ehammer, M., Graupl, T., Schnell, M., Brandes, S., Gligorevic, S., Rihacek, C., Sajatovic, M. (2007). B-AMC–A system for future broadband aeronautical multicarrier communications in the L Band. In Proceedings of IEEE digital Avionics systems conference, Dallas, TX, 21–25 October.

  29. Rutagemwa, H., Willink, T. J., & Li, L. (2010). Modeling and performance analysis of multihop cooperative wireless networks. Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions, 59(6), 3057–3069.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Van der Schaar, M., & Shankar, S. (2005). Cross-Layer wireless multimedia transmission: Challenges, principles, and new paradigms. IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine, 12(4), 50–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Schiavone L. (2004). Airborne networking–approaches and challenges. Proceedings of MILCOM ’04, Monterey, CA, Oct. 31–Nov. 3.

  32. Sethu, H., & Gerety, T. (2010). A new distributed topology control algorithm for wireless environments with non-uniform path loss and multipath propagation. Elsevier Journal Ad Hoc Networks, 8(3), 280–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Stamatiou, K., & Proakis, J. G. (2008). Assessing the impact of physical layer techniques on Ad Hoc network performance. Physical Communication Journal (Elsevier), 1, 84–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Stepanov, I., & Rothermel, K. (2008). On the impact of a more realistic physical layer on MANET simulations results. Elsevier Journal Ad Hoc Networks, 6(1), 61–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Stuber, G. L. (2000). Principles of mobile communication (2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Tonguz, O. K., & Ferrari, G. (2006). Ad Hoc wireless networks (1st ed.). UK: Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  37. Tu, H. D., & Shimamoto, S. (2009). Mobile Ad-Hoc network based relaying data system for Oceanic flight routes in aeronautical communications. IJCNC, 1(1), 33–44.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Van Hook, D. J., Yeager, M. O., Laird, J. D. (2005). Automated topology control for wideband directional links in airborne military networks. Proceedings of MILCOM ’05 Atlantic City, NJ, pp. 17–20 October

  39. Warty, C. (March 2010). Cooperative communication for multiple satellite network. In Proceedings of IEEE Aerospace Conference (pp. 6–13). Big Sky, MT.

  40. Xue, F., & Kumar, P. R. (2004). The number of neighbors needed for connectivity of Wireless Networks. Wireless Networks (ACM Journal), 10(2), 169–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Zhang, Q., & Matolak, D. W. (March, 2010). Analysis of relay network duplexing, multiplexing, & multiple access: Application to aeronautical Networks. In Proceedings of IEEE Aerospace Conference. (pp. 6–13). Big Sky, MT.

  42. Zhang, Q., & Matolak, D. W. (Nov. 2011). Multiple access in Mesh and Relay Networks: continuous single-carrier waveforms are superior to bursted multi-carrier waveforms. In Proceedings of IEEE MILCOM 2011 (pp. 890–895).

  43. Zhang, Q., Matolak, D. W. (Nov. 2012). Comparing duplexing, multiplexing, and multiple access techniques in Mesh, Relay, and Ad-hoc Networks. submitted to RadioEngineering Journal.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA

    Qian Zhang

  2. Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA

    David W. Matolak

Authors
  1. Qian Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. David W. Matolak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Qian Zhang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Zhang, Q., Matolak, D.W. Ad Hoc Network Duplexing, Multiplexing, and Multiple Access: Canonical Results for Two Limiting Topologies. Wireless Pers Commun 75, 965–985 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-013-1402-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-013-1402-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation