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XOR-Based Routing Protocols in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: How Well Do They Perform?

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Abstract

This paper presents a performance analysis of exclusive-or logical operator (XOR)-based flat routing protocols in high mobility conditions, considering a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) formed in a highway scenario. The main advantage of XOR-based routing is related to their logarithmic requirement of information per node in order to perform traffic forwarding, providing the basis to achieve better scalability levels for the routing mechanism convergence. First, this paper describes a protocol that incorporates several adaptations of the existing XOR-based routing algorithms for wired networks, in order to cope with the network mobility. Then it is proposed an improved version of it, XORi, which modifies the protocol’s information gathering process to accommodate the specific dynamic nature of VANETs topology in highways. Finally, the performance of XOR-based protocols is compared with other topology-based and position-based routing protocols. Simulation results allow us to characterize the performance of this class of protocols through the comparison of the path availability, end-to-end path delay, average path length and path duration. When a moderate density of nodes is considered, simulations show that XOR-based algorithms achieve almost the same path availability rate as link state algorithms, such as OLSR, and for high density of nodes, XOR-based algorithms scale better in terms of delay when compared to source routing algorithms, such as DSR.

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Notes

  1. \(\text {div}\) denotes the integer division operation on integers.

  2. \({\mathbb {N}}\) denotes the set of natural numbers.

  3. \(\delta (x)\) represents the Dirac delta function.

  4. The source code of the simulated XOR-based protocols was written for the network simulator ns-2.34 and is available to download at http://tele1.dee.fct.unl.pt/people/rado/html/downloads/XOR_and_XORi.tar.gz, allowing the community to evaluate their own scenarios and compare it with other protocols.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank to André Garrido for XOR, XORi and GPSR simulation results.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CTS, UNINOVA, Dep. de Eng. Electrotécnica, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal

    Rodolfo Oliveira, Miguel Luís & Luis Bernardo

  2. IT, Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal

    Rodolfo Oliveira, Miguel Luís & Luis Bernardo

  3. Faculdade de Computação, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil

    Rafael Pasquini

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  1. Rodolfo Oliveira
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  2. Rafael Pasquini
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  3. Miguel Luís
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  4. Luis Bernardo
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Correspondence to Miguel Luís.

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Oliveira, R., Pasquini, R., Luís, M. et al. XOR-Based Routing Protocols in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: How Well Do They Perform?. Wireless Pers Commun 95, 1333–1357 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-016-3833-4

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