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WB-RAIS: White-Box Redundant Array of Independent SSDs

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Abstract

Solid-state drives (SSDs) have been widely deployed in many platforms including consumer electronics, desktops and enterprise data centers due to their high performance and low power consumption. However, SSDs suffer from bit errors, and the bit error rate is time dependent since it increases as an SSD wears down. Traditional storage systems mainly use parity-based RAID to provide reliability guarantees by striping redundancy across multiple devices, but the effectiveness of traditional RAID schemes in SSDs remains debatable. Existing solutions are based on the block device SSDs, which used as faster HDD. But the characteristics of NAND flash memory and HDD are very different, Non-write-in place and background Garbage-collection have a negative impact on the real-time performance and reliability of the system. And almost all of the existing solutions are built on Black-Box SSD, which we cannot know the internal detail and data layout. As a result, they cannot take full advantage of flash memory features, reduce the parity updates costs and improve the system reliability. In this work, we proposed a new RAID system built on White-Box SSD, we call it WB-RAIS. For White-Box SSD, the FTL implement on the host side and it could be co-designed with the RAID controller. We exploit the characteristics of flash memory and build the strip mapping based on the physical block address. We also proposed a partial strip mechanism and smooth equipment replacement method. Experimental results show that WB-RAIS improves the write performance by an average of 20% and reduces the flash erase count 17–52% compared to Black-Box SSD RAID, and enhances the system reliability significantly.

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Acknowledgements

This work was partly supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant 2016YFB1000202; State Key Laboratory of Computer Architecture, No. CARCH201505; NSFC Nos. 61502190 and 61502191; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, HUST, under Grant No. 2015MS07; Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 2016CFB226. This work was also supported by Engineering Research Center of Data Storage Systems and Technology, Ministry of Education, China.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

    Jianquan Zhang, Dan Feng, Jingning Liu & Zheng Zhang

  2. Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

    Jianquan Zhang, Dan Feng, Jingning Liu, Caihua Fang, Chuanqi Liu & Zheng Zhang

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  1. Jianquan Zhang
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  2. Dan Feng
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  3. Jingning Liu
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  4. Caihua Fang
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  5. Chuanqi Liu
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  6. Zheng Zhang
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Correspondence to Dan Feng.

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Zhang, J., Feng, D., Liu, J. et al. WB-RAIS: White-Box Redundant Array of Independent SSDs. Wireless Pers Commun 102, 2807–2821 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-018-5308-2

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