Abstract
One major concern shared by many researchers about underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs), with respect to the limitations and particularities of underwater environment, is the problem of routing. These limitations include three-dimensional topology, limited bandwidth, node movement, long delay, limited energy, and construction costs. The new routing protocols for underwater networks have been developed on the basis of voracious routing systems. The main problem with UWSNs is finding an efficient route between the source and the target to send more packets to the target with lower levels of energy consumption. In this research, by improving VBF algorithm, which is dependent on the radius of the routing pipe, an algorithm is introduced which considers pipe radius as a function of the environment’s dimensions and of the range and the number of nodes. Consequently, by changing one of these parameters, the radius of the routing pipe changes. However, to control the energy consumed by the nodes, there exists a function that, if the recipient node’s energy to receive the packet is much lower than that of the sender node, the proposed method reduces the size of the routing pipe’s radius to lessen its chance of being selected as the guiding node so that other nodes are able to have the chance of getting the packet’s guiding node. The proposed algorithm has been compared with VBVA, HHVBF, and VBF protocols; the simulation results obtained from NS-2 simulator indicate that the proposed protocol could cut back on energy consumption, especially in networks with high number of nodes, by relying on changing the width of the routing pipe in proportion to network density. It was also successful in delivering more packets in non-dense networks.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Zenia, N. Z., Aseeri, M., Ahmed, M. R., Chowdhury, Z. I., & Shamim Kaiser, M. (2016). Energy-efficiency and reliability in MAC and routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor network: A survey. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 71, 72–85.
Mohamad, M. M. (2013). Greedy routing in underwater acoustic sensor networks: A survey. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 9(7). https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/701834.
Singh, A. K., Purohit, N., Goutele, S., & Verma, S. (2012). An energy efficient approach for clustering in WSN using fuzzy logic. International Journal of Computer Applications, 44(18), 8–12.
Rashid, B., & Rehmani, M. H. (2016). Applications of wireless sensor networks for urban areas: A survey. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 60, 192–219.
Salam, H. A., & Khan, B. M. (2016). Use of wireless system in healthcare for developing countries. Digital Communications and Networks, 2(1), 35–46.
Li, F., Li, Y., Zhao, W., Chen, Q., & Tang, W. (2006). An adaptive coordinated MAC protocol based on dynamic power management for wireless sensor networks. In IWCMC (pp. 1073–1077).
Xie, P., Cui, J.-H., & Lao, L. (2006) VBF: Vector-based forwarding protocol for underwater sensor networks. In Networking 2006. Networking technologies, services, and protocols; performance of computer and communication networks; mobile and wireless communications systems (pp. 1216–1221). Springer.
Khosravi, M. R., Rostami, H., & Basri, H. (2015). Enhanced VBF for delay-aware routing in UWSNs. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, 5(5), 100–104.
Khan, T., Ahmad, I., Aman, W., Azam, I., Khan, Z. A., Qasim, U., Avais, S., & Javaid, N. (2016). Clustering depth based routing for underwater wireless sensor networks. In IEEE 30th international conference on advanced information networking and applications. https://doi.org/10.1109/aina.2016.168.
Xie, P., Zhou, Z., Nicolaou, N., See, A., Cui, J.-H., & Shi, Z. (2010). Efficient vector-based forwarding for underwater sensor networks. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/195910.
Akyildiz, I. F., Pompili, D., & Melodia, T. (2004). Challenges for efficient communication in underwater acoustic sensor networks. ACM SIGBED Review—Special Issue on Embedded Sensor Networks and Wireless Computing, 1(2), 3–8.
Jiang, J., Han, G., Guo, H., Shu, L., & Rodrigues, J. J. P. C. (2016). Geographic multipath routing based on geospatial division in duty-cycled underwater wireless sensor networks. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 59, 4–13.
Souiki, S., Feham, M., Feham, M., & Labraoui, N. (2014). Geographic routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks: A survey. International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN), 6(1), 69–87.
Namesh, C., & Ramakrishnan, B. (2015). Analysis of VBF protocol in underwater sensor network for static and moving nodes. International Journal of Computer Networks and Applications, 2, 20–26.
Nicolaou, N., See, A., Xie, P., Cui, J.-H., & Maggiorini, D. (2007). Improving the robustness of location-based routing for underwater sensor networks. In OCEANS 2007-Europe. https://doi.org/10.1109/oceanse.2007.4302470.
Pouryazdanpanah, K. M., Anjomshoa, M., Salehi, S. A., Afroozeh, A., & Moshfegh, G. M. (2014). DS-VBF: Dual sink vector-based routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor network. In: Control and system graduate research colloquium (ICSGRC) (pp. 227–232).
EL-Rabaie, S., Nabil, D., Mahmoud, R., & Alsharqawy, M. A. (2015). Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSN), architecture, routing protocols, simulation and modeling tools, localization, security issues and some novel trends. Networking and Communication Engineering, 7, 335–354.
Xie, P., Zhou, Z., Peng, Z., Cui, J.-H., & Shi, Z. (2009). Void avoidance in three-dimensional mobile underwater sensor networks. In Wireless algorithms, systems, and applications (pp. 305–314).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mazinani, S.M., Yousefi, H. & Mirzaie, M. A Vector-Based Routing Protocol in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. Wireless Pers Commun 100, 1569–1583 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-018-5654-0
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-018-5654-0