Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

An Extremely Safe Low-SAR Antenna with Study of Its Electromagnetic Biological Effects on Human Head

  • Published:
Wireless Personal Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper, a new low-Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) antenna is proposed for the sake of safe communication in all situations. The proposed antenna involves a Microstrip patch antenna and a metallic casing loop which leads to SAR reduction. The structure operates at 0.9 GHz and 2.4 GHz which produces 0.52 W/kg and 0.25 W/kg SAR value on the human head, respectively. Then, in order to guarantee the antenna safety feature, the experiments are carried out when the human wear an earring. The impact of metallic earrings in different sizes on SAR distribution is investigated. Also, the antenna orientation and rotation effect is considered in detail. It is concluded that the change of Antenna position or use of metallic earrings makes an extremely significant impact on SAR value. But, the results of the presented antenna demonstrate that the produced SAR value in all positions, do not exceed the safe rate. It makes the antenna a suitable candidate for employing in most telecommunication applications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Faruque, M. R. I., Islam, M. T., & Misran, N. (2011). Analysis of electromagnetic absorption in mobile phones using metamaterials. Electromagnetics, 31, 215–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Anderson, V. (2003). Comparisons of peak SAR levels in concentric sphere head models of children and adults for irradiation by a dipole at 900 MHz. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 48, 3263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. W. H. Organization, “Electromagnetic fields and public health: mobile phones,” October 2014.

  4. Khurana, V. G., Teo, C., Kundi, M., Hardell, L., & Carlberg, M. (2009). Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Surgical Neurology, 72, 205–214.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Frei, P., et al. (2011). Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: Update of Danish cohort study. BMJ, 343, d638.

    Google Scholar 

  6. IEEE Std C95.1-2005. (2006). Safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz. In IEEE standard.

  7. Yang, T., et al. (2008). Cellular-phone and hearing-aid interaction: An antenna solution. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 50(3), 51–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz—Amendment 1: Specifies Ceiling Limits for Induced and Contact Current, Clarifies Distinctions between Localized Exposure and Spatial Peak Power Density. IEEE Std C95.1a-2010, pp. C19, 2010.

  9. Anguera, J., Andujar, A., Huynh, M. C., Orlenius, C., & Puente, C. (2013). Advances in antenna technology for wireless handheld devices. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2013, 27–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Behari, J. (2010). Biological responses of mobile phone frequency exposure. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 48, 959–981.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Fung, L., Leung, S., & Chan, K. (2002). An investigation of the SAR reduction methods in mobile phone applications. In IEEE international symposium on electromagnetic compatibility, 2002 (pp. 656–661).

  12. Hirata, A., Sugiyama, H., & Fujiwara, O. (2009). Estimation of core temperature elevation in humans and animals for whole-body averaged SAR. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, 99, 53–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Whittow, W., Panagamuwa, C. J., Edwards, R., & Vardaxoglou, J. C. (2007). Specific absorption rate in the human head due to circular metallic circular disks at 1800 MHz. In Antenna and Propagation Conference (pp 277–280).

  14. Nikolovski, M., Munteanu, I., Cassara, A. M., & Weiland, T. (2014). Impact of ring and circular disks on the SAR distribution due to mobile phone exposure. In Antenna and Propagation Conference UK, November 2014.

  15. Fayos-Fernandes, J., Arranz-Faz, C., Martinez Gonzalez, A., & Sanchez-Hernandez, D. (2006). Effect of pierced metallic objects on SAR distributions at 900 MHz. Bioelectromagnetics, 27, 337–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Tay, R., Balzano, Q., & Kuster, N. (1998). Dipole configurations with strongly improved radiation efficiency for hand-held transceivers. IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation, 46, 798–806.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Samsuri, N. A., & Flint, J. A. (2008). A study on the effect of loop-like jewelry items worn on human hand on specific absorption rate (SAR) at 1900 MHz. In Antennas and Propagation Conference, 2008. LAPC 2008, Loughborough, March 2008 (pp. 297–300).

  18. Samsuri, N. A., & Flint, J. (2008). A study on the effect of a metallic ring worn on human fingers using a simple scanable block hand phantom. In Antennas and Propagation Conference, 2008. LAPC 2008, Loughborough, March 2008 (pp. 285–288).

  19. Ikeuchi, R., & Hirata, A. (2011). Dipole antenna above EBG substrate for local SAR reduction. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 10, 904–906.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Kusuma, H., Sheta, A. F., Elshafley, I., Siddiqui, Z., Alkanhal, M. A., Aldosari, S., et al. (2011). A new low SAR antenna structure for wireless handset applications. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, 112, 23–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Kamalaveni, A., & Madhan, M. G. (2016). A compact TRM antenna with high impedance surface for SAR reduction at 1800 MHz. International Journal of Electronics and Communications (AEÜ), 70(9), 1192–1198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Tsai, C.-L., Chen, K., & Yang, C. (2015). Implantable wideband low-SAR antenna with C-shaped coupled ground. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 14, 1594–1597.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Rowell, C. R., & Murch, R. D. (1997). A capacitively loaded PIFA for compact mobile telephone handsets. IEEE Transactions On Antennas Propagation, 45(5), 837–842.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. il Kwak, S., et al. (2017). Design of PIFA with metamaterials for body-SAR reduction in wearable applications. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 59(1), 297–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Karthik, V., & Rao, T. R. (2017). Investigations on SAR and thermal effects of a body wearable microstrip antenna. Wireless Personal Communications, 96(3), 3385–3401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Kumar, Vivek, & Gupta, Bharat. (2017). Design aspects of body-worn UWB antenna for body-centric communication: A review. Wireless Personal Communications, 97(4), 5865–5895.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Gabriel, S., Lau, R. W., & Gabriel, C. (1996). The dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz. Physics in Medicine & Biology, 41(11), 2251.

  28. Hossain, M. I., Faruque, M. R. I., & Islam, M. T. (2015). A comparative study of electromagnetic absorption of PIFA and helical antenna in the human head, theory and applications of applied electromagnetics (pp. 167–174). Springer: Cham.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Jiang, Z. H., et al. (2014). A compact, low-profile metasurface-enabled antenna for wearable medical body-area network devices. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 62(8), 4021–4030.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Islam, M. T., et al. (2015). Development of high gain multiband antenna with center offset copper strip based periodic structure. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 57(7), 1608–1614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Kusuma, A. H., et al. (2011). A new low SAR antenna structure for wireless handset applications. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, 112, 23–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA

    Amirhossein Nazeri

  2. School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

    Amirhossein Nazeri, A. Abdolali & M. Mehdi

Authors
  1. Amirhossein Nazeri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A. Abdolali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. Mehdi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amirhossein Nazeri.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Nazeri, A., Abdolali, A. & Mehdi, M. An Extremely Safe Low-SAR Antenna with Study of Its Electromagnetic Biological Effects on Human Head. Wireless Pers Commun 109, 1449–1462 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06621-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06621-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation