Skip to main content
Log in

Cogent Machine Learning Algorithm for Indoor and Underwater Localization Using Visible Light Spectrum

  • Published:
Wireless Personal Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

From last few years indoor localization has become more popular for wireless devices. The major reason for its popularity is to access current location efficiently. On the other side visible light communication is attaining interest of researchers due to high growth of wireless communication and solid state lighting. This network structure can produce high accuracy for the resident positioning electromagnetic environment. The proposed approach is viable for both air and underwater communication based on the visible light spectrum. We evaluate the technique for other supervised machine learning algorithms to analyse an accuracy, error distance and computational time for indoor localization in visible light communication network. Experimental work was made by using star topology supported by visible personal area network system based simulator, which corresponds an attribute of PHY and MAC layer for IEEE 802.15.7 standard designed for short range optical wireless communication. The evaluation was carried out for an accuracy, error distance and computational time. The results show that the suggested methodology achieves overall computational accuracy and deliver an acceptable location estimation error.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Uysal, M., Capsoni, C., Ghassemlooy, Z., Boucouvalas, A. C., & Udvary, E. G. (Eds.). (2016). Optical wireless communications—an emerging technology. Cham: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bilal, M. M., Bi, W., Jaleel, F., Luwen, Y., Sohail, M. N., Irshad, M., et al. (2019). Magnetic fluid-based photonic crystal fiber for temperature sensing. Optical Engineering, 58(7), 072008. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.OE.58.7.072008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Shao, S., Khreishah, A., & Khalil, I. (2016). Joint link scheduling and brightness control for greening VLC-based indoor access networks. Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, 8(3), 148–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ayyash, M., Elgala, H., Khreishah, A., Jungnickel, V., Little, T., Shao, S., et al. (2016). Coexistence of WiFi and LiFi toward 5G: Concepts, opportunities, and challenges. IEEE Communications Magazine, 54(2), 64–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Zhuang, Y., Hua, L., Qi, L., Yang, J., Cao, P., Cao, Y., et al. (2018). A survey of positioning systems using visible LED lights. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 20(3), 1963–1988. https://doi.org/10.1109/comst.2018.2806558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Irshad, M., Liu, W., Wang, L., Shah, S. B. H., Sohail, M. N., & Uba, M. M. (2018). Li-local: Green communication modulations for indoor localization. In Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on future networks and distributed systemsICFNDS’18 (pp. 1–6). New York: ACM Press. https://doi.org/10.1145/3231053.3231118.

  7. Armstrong, J. (2013). Visible light positioning: A roadmap for international standardization. IEEE Communications Magazine, 51(12), 68–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Zeng, Z., Fu, S., Zhang, H., Dong, Y., & Cheng, J. (2017). A survey of underwater optical wireless communications. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, 19(1), 204–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Shen, C., Guo, Y., Sun, X., Liu, G., Ho, K. T., Ng, T. K., Alouini, M. S. & Ooi, B. S. (2017) Going beyond 10-meter, Gbit/s underwater optical wireless communication links based on visible lasers. In 2017 opto-electronics and communications conference (OECC) and photonics global conference (PGC), July 2017 (pp. 1–3).

  10. Saeed, N., Celik, A., Al-Naffouri, T. Y., & Alouini, M.-S. (2018) Connectivity analysis of underwater optical wireless sensor networks: A graph theoretic approach. In Submitted to IEEE international conference on communication, (ICC), May 2018.

  11. Sohail, N., Jiadong, R., Uba, M., Irshad, M., & Khan, A. (2018). Classification and cost benefit analysis of diabetes mellitus dominance. International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, 18(10), 29–35.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Sohail, M. N., Jiadong, R., Uba, M. M., & Irshad, M. (2019). A comprehensive looks at data mining techniques contributing to medical data growth: A survey of researcher reviews (pp. 21–26). Singapore: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8944-2_3.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  13. Do, T.-H., & Yoo, M. (2016). An in-depth survey of visible light communication based positioning systems. Sensors, 16, 678.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Yinfan, X., Zhao, J., Shi, J., & Chi, N. (2016). Reversed three-dimensional visible light indoor positioning utilizing annular receivers with multi-photodiodes. Sensors, 16(8), 1254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Alonso-González, I., Sánchez-Rodríguez, D., Ley-Bosch, C., & Quintana-Suárez, M. (2018). Discrete indoor three-dimensional localization system based on neural networks using visible light communication. Sensors, 18(4), 1040. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18041040.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Chvojka, P. (2015). Channel characteristics of visible light communications within dynamic indoor environment. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 33, 1719–1725.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Zhang, B., Wang, H., Xu, T., Zheng, L., & Yang, Q. (2016). Received signal strength-based underwater acoustic localization considering stratification effect. In OCEANS (pp. 1–8).

  18. [Online]. Available https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/651077/is-standard-deviation-the-same-as-entropy. Accessed 26 March 2018.

  19. Akhoundi, F., Minoofar, A., & Salehi, J. A. (2017). Underwater positioning system based on cellular underwater wireless optical CDMA networks. In 26th Wireless and Optical Communication Conference (WOCC).  https://doi.org/10.1109/WOCC.2017.7928991

  20. Kahn, M. (1997). Wireless infrared communications. Proceedings of the IEEE, 85(2), 265–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wenyuan Liu.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Irshad, M., Liu, W., Wang, L. et al. Cogent Machine Learning Algorithm for Indoor and Underwater Localization Using Visible Light Spectrum. Wireless Pers Commun 116, 993–1008 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06631-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06631-4

Keywords

Navigation