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Intelligent Agent-Based Assessment of a Resilient Multi-hop Routing Protocol for Dynamic WSN

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Abstract

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) constitute a current field of interest in which the major concerns are related to mobility, spatial distribution, connectivity and dynamic creation of networks between autonomous nodes for cooperative detection and data transfer in diverse areas (e.g., healthcare, environmental or industrial monitoring). To this end, the present work describes the theoretical and practical development of a communication protocol for WSNs based on Bluetooth. The interaction between mobile nodes is performed with a multi-hop scheme in response to traffic needs without requiring a scatternet formation procedure. The interest of this algorithm—based on the concept of routing vector—is that it was designed to withstand changes in the node distribution for high-mobility scenarios, thus allowing the implementation of a robust data routing in low-resource microcontrolled devices with no operability loss. As the main contribution, we present the hardware and software implementation of the communication protocol in real devices along several case studies. With this aim, a long-term experimentation in a dense scenario has been carried out through an intelligent agent-based approach to formally validate the protocol considering three different performance metrics: packet delivery ratio, feedback overhead and round-trip time.

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Abbreviations

ABR:

Associativity-based routing

AbRA:

Agent-based routing approach

AFH:

Adaptive frequency-hopping

AODV:

Ad hoc on-demand distance vector

CCMAR:

Cluster-chain mobile agent routing

CGSR:

Cluster-head gateway switch routing

CORB:

Cross-layer optimized routing protocol for Bluetooth

DSDV:

Destination-sequenced distance-vector

DSR:

Dynamic source routing

DSRP:

Distributed sensor web routing protocol

FSR:

Fisheye state routing

FO:

Feedback overhead

GSR:

Global state routing

HSR:

Hierarchical state routing

IMA:

Intelligent mobile agent

LAR:

Location-aided routing

LARP:

Location aware routing protocol

LEACH:

Low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy

OLSR:

Optimized link state routing

OMRP:

On-demand multi-hop routing protocol

PDR:

Packet delivery ratio

RRP:

Routing request packet

RPL:

Routing protocol for low power and lossy networks

RTT:

Round-trip time

RVM:

Routing vector method

SSA:

Signal stability-based adaptive routing

TORA:

Temporally-ordered routing algorithm

MANET:

Mobile ad hoc network

MCU:

Micro controller unit

WRP:

Wireless routing protocol

ZBR:

Zone-based routing

ZRP:

Zone routing protocol

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the support of the research group TEP-192 “Control and Robotics” of the University of Huelva.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electronic Engineering, Computer Systems and Automatics, University of Huelva, Av. de las Artes s/n, 21007, Huelva, Spain

    Tomás de J. Mateo Sanguino, Eduardo Navarro Lozano & Manuel Sánchez Alcántara

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  1. Tomás de J. Mateo Sanguino
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Mateo Sanguino, T.J., Navarro Lozano, E. & Sánchez Alcántara, M. Intelligent Agent-Based Assessment of a Resilient Multi-hop Routing Protocol for Dynamic WSN. Wireless Pers Commun 112, 1995–2021 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-07136-1

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