Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Energy Cooperation with Sleep Mechanism in Renewable Energy Assisted Cellular HetNets

  • Published:
Wireless Personal Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The emerging fifth generation (5G) and beyond radio access networks are expected to be extremely dense and heterogeneous as compared to the current networks, involving a large number of different classes of base stations (BSs), namely macro, micro, femto and pico BSs. Among several performance requirements 5G and beyond systems aim to achieve, energy efficiency is one of the crucial requirements. In order to achieve energy-efficient design in dense heterogeneous 5G networks, various approaches in terms of resource allocation, off-loading techniques, hardware solutions and energy harvesting are being considered. In this regard, this paper develops an energy usage optimization framework in a cellular heterogeneous network (HetNet) consisting of a central macro-BS and a number of micro-BSs, equipped with renewable energy sources (RESs) such as solar panels and wind turbines. The proposed framework incorporates an energy cooperation mechanism along with a sleep mechanism (BS ON/OFF switching), in which the BSs having lean traffic are put into a sleep mode and their traffic load gets shared by the central BS. The surplus harvested energy from RESs of the sleeping BSs can then be sold back to the grid. An optimization problem for maximizing the utilization of RES and minimizing the usage of the traditional sources, such as utility and generator, is formulated and this mixed integer non-linear programming problem is solved through an interior point method. The presented results for various HetNet sizes demonstrate the significant savings in the energy cost with the proposed RES-enabled HetNet sleep mechanism model over the conventional approaches.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Soldani, D., & Manzalini, A. (2015). Horizon 2020 and beyond: On the 5g operating system for a true digital society. IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, 10(1), 32–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Buzzi, S., Chih-Lin, I., Klein, T. E., Poor, H. V., Yang, C., & Zappone, A. (2016). A survey of energy-efficient techniques for 5g networks and challenges ahead. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 34(4), 697–709.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Gandotra, P., Jha, R. K., & Jain, S. (2017). Green communication in next generation cellular networks: A survey. IEEE Access, 5, 11 727–11 758.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Fehske, A., Fettweis, G., Malmodin, J., & Biczok, G. (2011). The global footprint of mobile communications: The ecological and economic perspective. IEEE Communications Magazine, 49(8), 55–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Perera, T. D. P., Jayakody, D. N. K., Sharma, S. K., Chatzinotas, S., & Li, J. (2017). Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (swipt): Recent advances and future challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 20(1), 264–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Ahmed, F., Naeem, M., Iqbal, M., & Anpalagan, A. (2016). Renewable energy assisted base station collaboration as micro grid. In 2016 IEEE Electrical power and energy conference (EPEC) (pp. 1–6). IEEE.

  7. Hassan, H. A. H., Nuaymi, L., & Pelov, A. (2013). Classification of renewable energy scenarios and objectives for cellular networks. In IEEE 24th international symposium on personal indoor and mobile radio communications (PIMRC) (pp. 2967–2972). IEEE.

  8. Wu, J., Zhang, Y., Zukerman, M., & Yung, E. K.-N. (2015). Energy-efficient base-stations sleep-mode techniques in green cellular networks: A survey. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 17(2), 803–826.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Oh, E., Son, K., & Krishnamachari, B. (2013). Dynamic base station switching-on/off strategies for green cellular networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 12(5), 2126–2136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Son, K., Kim, H., Yi, Y., & Krishnamachari, B. (2011). Base station operation and user association mechanisms for energy-delay tradeoffs in green cellular networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 29(8), 1525–1536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Saker, L., Elayoubi, S., & Scheck, H. (2009). System selection and sleep mode for energy saving in cooperative 2g, 3g networks. In IEEE 70th vehicular technology conference fall (VTC 2009-Fall) (pp. 1–5). IEEE.

  12. Saker, L., Elayoubi, S.-E., & Chahed, T. (2010). Minimizing energy consumption via sleep mode in green base station. In 2010 IEEE wireless communications and networking conference (WCNC) (pp. 1–6). IEEE.

  13. Oh, E., Krishnamachari, B., Liu, X., & Niu, Z. (2011). Toward dynamic energy-efficient operation of cellular network infrastructure. IEEE Communications Magazine, 49(6), 56–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Marsan, M. A., Chiaraviglio, L., Ciullo, D., & Meo, M. (2009). Optimal energy savings in cellular access networks. In IEEE international conference on communications workshops, 2009. ICC workshops 2009 (pp. 1–5). IEEE.

  15. Marsan, M. A., Chiaraviglio, L., Ciullo, D., & Meo, M. (2012). Multiple daily base station switch-offs in cellular networks. In 2012 fourth international conference on communications and electronics (ICCE) (pp. 245–250). IEEE.

  16. Tsilimantos, D., Gorce, J.-M., & Altman, E. (2013). Stochastic analysis of energy savings with sleep mode in OFDMA wireless networks. In Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM (pp. 1097–1105). IEEE.

  17. Cili, G., Yanikomeroglu, H., & Yu, F. R. (2012). Cell switch off technique combined with coordinated multi-point (comp) transmission for energy efficiency in beyond-lte cellular networks. In 2012 IEEE international conference on communications (ICC) (pp. 5931–5935). IEEE.

  18. Wang, Z., Xiong, W., Dong, C., Wang, J., & Li, S. (2011). A novel downlink power control scheme in lte heterogeneous network. In 2011 international conference on computational problem-solving (ICCP) (pp. 241–245). IEEE.

  19. Ghosh, P., Das, S. S., Naravaram, S., & Chandhar, P. (2012). Energy saving in OFDMA cellular systems using base-station sleep mode: 3 gpp-lte a case study. In 2012 National conference on communications (NCC) (pp. 1–5). IEEE.

  20. Bousia A., Antonopoulos, A., Alonso, L., & Verikoukis, C. (2012). “Green” distance-aware base station sleeping algorithm in lte-advanced. In 2012 IEEE international conference on communications (ICC) (pp. 1347–1351). IEEE.

  21. Zakrzewska, A., López-Pérez, D., Kucera, S., & Claussen, H. (2013). Dual connectivity in lte hetnets with split control-and user-plane. In 2013 IEEE Globecom workshops (GC Wkshps) (pp. 391–396). IEEE.

  22. Saker, L., Elayoubi, S.-E., Combes, R., & Chahed, T. (2012). Optimal control of wake up mechanisms of femtocells in heterogeneous networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 30(3), 664–672.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Wildemeersch, M., Quek, T. Q., Slump, C. H., & Rabbachin, A. (2013). Cognitive small cell networks: Energy efficiency and trade-offs. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 61(9), 4016–4029.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Dini, P., Miozzo, M., Bui, N., & Baldo, N. (2013). A model to analyze the energy savings of base station sleep mode in lte hetnets. In IEEE international conference on and IEEE cyber, physical and social computing. Green computing and communications (GreenCom). IEEE and internet of things (iThings/CPSCom) (pp. 1375–1380). IEEE.

  25. Ahmed, F., Naeem, M., Ejaz, W., Iqbal, M., Anpalagan, A., & Kim, H. S. (2018). Renewable energy assisted traffic aware cellular base station energy cooperation. Energies, 11(1), 99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Auer, G., Giannini, V., Desset, C., Godor, I., Skillermark, P., Olsson, M., et al. (2011). How much energy is needed to run a wireless network? IEEE Wireless Communications, 18(5), 40–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Yigitel, M. A., Incel, O. D., & Ersoy, C. (2015). Qos vs. energy: A traffic-aware topology management scheme for green heterogeneous networks. Computer Networks, 78, 130–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah, Pakistan

    Faran Ahmed, Muhammad Naeem & Muhammad Iqbal

  2. Department of Applied Science and Engineering, Thompson Rivers University (TRU), Kamloops, BC, V2C 0C8, Canada

    Waleed Ejaz

  3. Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Alagan Anpalagan

  4. Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Haneef

Authors
  1. Faran Ahmed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Muhammad Naeem
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Waleed Ejaz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Muhammad Iqbal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Alagan Anpalagan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Muhammad Haneef
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Muhammad Naeem.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ahmed, F., Naeem, M., Ejaz, W. et al. Energy Cooperation with Sleep Mechanism in Renewable Energy Assisted Cellular HetNets. Wireless Pers Commun 116, 105–124 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-07707-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-07707-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation