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State-of-Art and Open Issues of Cross-Layer Design and QOS Routing in Internet of Vehicles

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Abstract

VANET (Vehicular Ad Hoc Network) is a significant term in ITS (intelligent transportation systems). VANETs are also mentioned as ITN (intelligent transportation Networks), which are used to enhance road safety in growing technology. The connectivity of nodes is a challenging one because of its high mobility and the sparse network connectivity must be handled properly during its initial deployment of a VANET for avoiding accidents. Quality of service (QoS) in VANET becomes a significant term because of its increasing dare about unique features, like poor link quality, high mobility, and inadequate transporting distance. Routing is the foremost issue in the wireless ad hoc network, which is used to transmit data packets significantly. This paper provides a crucial review of the classification of existing QoS routing protocols, cross-layer design approach and classification, and various performance parameters used in QoS routing protocols. The corresponding cross-layer protocols are overviewed, followed by the major techniques in cross-layer protocol design. Moreover, VANET is presented with many exclusive networking research challenges in precise areas such as security, QoS, mobility, effective channel utilization, and scalability. Finally, the paper concluded by various comparison discussion, issues, and challenges of several routing protocols for VANET. No. of publications over the period from 2010 to 2019 in various scientific sources also showed in this review. This survey provided the technical direction for researchers on routing protocols for VANET using QoS.

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Abbreviations

VANET:

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network

ITS:

Intelligent Transportation Systems

ITN:

Intelligent Transportation Networks

CH:

Cluster Head

QoS:

Quality of service

RSU:

Road Side Unit

AU:

Application Unit

OBU:

On-Board Unit

MANET:

Mobile Ad hoc Network

GS:

Group Signature

GPS:

Geographic Position System

V2I:

Vehicle to Infrastructure

V2V:

Vehicle-to-Vehicle

FSR:

Fisheye state routing

MRRNSDV:

Multipath Reliable Range Node Selection Distance Vector

CBR:

Cluster-based Routing

SRD:

Simple and Robust Dissemination

AATR:

Adaptive Allocation of Transmission Range

PassCAR:

Passive clustering aided routing

MDDC:

Multi-operator Driven Dynamic Clustering

C-VANET:

Cognitive VANET

CBRP:

Cluster-Based Routing Protocol

TIBCRPH:

Traffic Infrastructure Based Cluster Routing Protocol through Handoff

VWCA:

Vehicular clustering-based weighted clustering algorithm

LOS:

Line Of Sight

NES:

Neighbor Elimination Scheme

CDS:

Connected Dominating Set

RBLSM:

Reliable Broadcasting of Life Safety Messages

LW-RBMD:

Light Weight Reliable Broadcast Message Delivery

CAM:

Co-agent Awareness Messages

QOT:

Quality of Transmission

SCGRP:

SDN-connectivity aware geological routing protocol

CA-GPCR:

Congestion-Aware GPCR

BAHG:

Backbone Assisted Hop Greedy Routing

CO-GPSR:

Cross-Layer Optimization of VANET Routing

GPCR:

Greedy Perimeter Coordinator Routing

EDD:

Expected disconnection degree

BOA:

Bat Optimization Algorithm

ECC:

Elliptic Curve Cryptography

VSRP:

Vehicular Security Reputation & Plausibility

VDDZ:

VANET Dynamic Demilitarized Zone

CA:

Certification Authority

ACR:

Ant Colony Routing

TACR:

Trust dependent ACR

TSeC:

Trust-based Secure clustering

HiTSeC:

Hierarchical TSeC

SD:

Software-Defined

OBU:

On-Board sensor Units

ITLs:

Intelligent Traffic Lights

DSRC:

Dedicated Short Range Communication

AODV:

Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector dependable

PDR:

Packet Delivery Ratio

E2ED:

End-to-End Delay

FL:

Fixed Layer

DL:

Designed Layer

MAC:

Medium Access Control

ARP-QD:

Adaptive Routing Protocol Based on QoS and Vehicular Density

CAR:

Connectivity-Aware Routing

MABC:

Micro-artificial bee colony

PBR:

Prediction Based Routing

ECT:

Expected computational time

ERT:

Expected running time

GSM:

Global System for Mobile communication

HLAR:

Hybrid Location-depends Ad hoc Routing

WAVE:

Wireless Access for vehicular environment

DTN:

Disruption-Tolerant Network

TRIP:

Trust and Reputation Infrastructure-based Proposal

rrt:

Realistic Road Traces

urt:

Urban Road Traces

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  1. Department of Computer Science, Government College of Arts, Science, and Commerce, Sanquelim, Goa, India

    Mahadev A. Gawas

  2. Department of Mathematics, BITS Pilani K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Sancoale, India

    Sweta Govekar

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This paper reviewed the open issues and existing research works related to cross-layer designs and the QoS routing on the internet of vehicles also discussed in this paper.

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Gawas, M.A., Govekar, S. State-of-Art and Open Issues of Cross-Layer Design and QOS Routing in Internet of Vehicles. Wireless Pers Commun 116, 2261–2297 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-07790-5

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