Abstract
Motion artefacts due to respiration and cardiac contractions may deteriorate the quality of nuclear medicine imaging leading to incorrect diagnosis and inadequate treatment. Motion artefacts can be minimized by simultaneous respiratory and cardiac gating, dual-gating. Currently, only cardiac gating is often performed. In this study, an optimized bioimpedance measurement configuration was determined for simultaneous respiratory and cardiac gating signal acquisition. The optimized configuration was located on anterolateral upper thorax based on sensitivity simulations utilizing a simplified thorax model. The validity of the optimized configuration was studied with six healthy volunteers. In the peak-to-peak and frequency content analyses the optimized configuration showed consistently higher peak-to-peak values and frequency content than other studied measurement configurations. This study indicates that the bioimpedance method has potential for the dual-gating in nuclear medicine imaging. The method would minimize the need of additional equipment, is easy for the technologists to use and comfortable for the patients.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baker LE (1989) Applications of the impedance technique to the respiratory system. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 8:50–52
Bates JHT, Schmalisch G, Filbrun D, Stocks J (2000) Tidal breath analysis for infant pulmonary testing. ERS/ATS task force on standards for infant respiratory function testing. Eur Respir J 16:1180–1192
Bour J, Kellett J (2008) Impedance cardiography: a rapid and cost-effective screening tool for cardiac disease. Eur J Intern Med 19:399–405
Burrell S, MacDonald A (2006) Artifacts and pitfalls in myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Med Technol 34:193–211
Büther F, Dawood M, Stegger L, Wubbeling F, Schäfers M, Schober O, Schäfers KP (2009) List mode-driven cardiac and respiratory gating in PET. J Nucl Med 50:674–681
Cheng KS, Isaacson D, Newell JC, Gisser DG (1989) Electrode models for electric current computed tomography. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 36:918–924
Cho K, Kumiata S, Okada S, Kumazaki T (1999) Development of respiratory gated myocardial SPECT system. J Nucl Cardiol 6:20–28
Cooper JA, Neumann PH, McCandless BK (1992) Effect of patient motion on tomographic myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Med 33:1566–1571
Dawood M, Büther F, Lang N, Schober O, Schäfers KP (2007) Respiratory gating in positron emission tomography: a quantitative comparison of different gating schemes. Med Phys 34:3067–3076
Gabriel S, Lau RW, Gabriel C (1996) The dielectric properties of biological tissues: III. Parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues. Phys Med Biol 41:2271–2293
Houtveen JH, Groot PF, de Geus EJ (2006) Validation of the thoracic impedance derived respiratory signal using multilevel analysis. Int J Psychophysiol 59:97–106
Kauppinen PK, Hyttinen JA, Kööbi T, Malmivuo J (1999) Lead field theoretical approach in bioimpedance measurements: towards more controlled measurement sensitivity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 873:135–142
Kovalski G, Keidar Z, Frenkel A, Sachs J, Attia S, Azhari H (2009) Dual “motion-frozen heart” combining respiration and contraction compensation in clinical myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 16:396–404
Lababidi Z, Ehmke DA, Durnin RE, Leaverton PE, Lauer RM (1970) The first derivative thoracic impedance cardiogram. Circulation 41:651–658
Liu C, Pierce LAI, Alessio AM, Kinahan PE (2009) The impact of respiratory motion on tumor quantification and delineation in static PET/CT imaging. Phys Med Biol 54:7345–7362
Livieratos L, Rajappan K, Stegger L, Schafers K, Bailey DL, Camici PG (2006) Respiratory gating of cardiac PET data in list-mode acquisition. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 33:584–588
Luo S, Afonso VX, Webster JG, Tompkins WJ (1992) The electrode system in impedance-based ventilation measurement. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 39:1130–1141
McQuaid SJ, Hutton BF (2008) Sources of attenuation-correction artefacts in cardiac PET/CT and SPECT/CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 35:1117–1123
Mori M, Murata K, Takahashi M, Shimoyama K, Ota T, Morita R, Sakamoto T (1994) Accurate contiguous sections without breath-holding on chest CT: value of respiratory gating and ultrafast CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 162:1057–1062
Nyboer J (1950) Electrical impedance plethysmography; a physical and physiologic approach to peripheral vascular study. Circulation 2:811–821
Patterson RP (1985) Sources of the thoracic cardiogenic electrical impedance signal as determined by a model. Med Biol Eng Comput 25:411–417
Patterson RP (1989) Fundamentals of impedance cardiography. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag 8:35–38
Patterson RP, Zhang J (2003) Evaluation of an EIT reconstruction algorithm using finite difference human thorax model as phantoms. Physiol Meas 24:467–475
Pengpan T, Smith ND, Qiu W, Yao A, Mitchell CN, Soleimani M (2011) A motion-compensated cone-beam CT using electrical impedance tomography imaging. Physiol Meas 32:19–34
Schuessler TF, Gottfried SB, Goldberg P, Kearney RE, Bates JHT (1998) An adaptive filter to reduce cardiogenic oscillations on esophageal pressure signals. Ann Biomed Eng 26:260–267
Seppä V-P, Viik J, Hyttinen J (2010) Assessment of pulmonary flow using impedance pneumography. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 57:2277–2285
Sobotta J (1994) Atlas of human anatomy volume 2 thorax, abdomen, pelvis, lower limb, 12th edn. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich, p 59
Somersalo E, Cheney M, Isaacson D (1992) Existence and uniqueness for electrode models for electric current computed tomography. SIAM J Appl Math 52:1023–1040
Teräs M, Kokki T, Durand-Schaefer N, Noponen T, Pietilä M, Kiss J, Hoppela E, Sipilä HT, Knuuti J (2010) Dual-gated cardiac PET-Clinical feasibility study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 37:505–516
Vauhkonen M, Vauhkonen PJ and Kaipio JP (1998) Estimation of organ boundaries in electrical impedance tomography. In: Riu et al. (eds) X Int conf electrical bio-impedance, Barcelona, Spain, pp 421–424
Vauhkonen PJ, Vauhkonen M, Savolainen T, Kaipio JP (1999) Three-dimensional electrical impedance tomography based on the complete electrode model. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 46:1150–1160
Vilhunen T, Kaipio JP, Vauhkonen PJ, Savolainen T, Vauhkonen M (2002) Simultaneous reconstruction of electrode contact impedances and internal electrical properties: I. Theory. Meas Sci Technol 13:1848–1854
Wheat JM, Currie GM (2004) Impact of patient motion on myocardial perfusion SPECT diagnostic integrity: part 2. J Nucl Med Technol 32:158–163
Witsoe DA, Kinnen E (1967) Electrical resistivity of lung at 100 kHz. Med Biol Eng 5:239–248
Zubal IG, Bizais GW, Bennett GW, Brill AB (1984) Dual gated nuclear cardiac images. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci NS-31:566–569
Acknowledgments
The authors thank MSc Ville-Pekka Seppä, Professor Jari Hyttinen and PhD Pasi Kauppinen from the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Finland for providing the Biopac system as well as their help for the study. PhD Mika Tarvainen from the Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland is also acknowledged for help. Moreover, the authors wish to thank all the subjects who volunteered for this study. The study was supported by the Kuopio University Hospital, Finland (EVO, project 5031345).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Koivumäki, T., Vauhkonen, M., Kuikka, J.T. et al. Optimizing bioimpedance measurement configuration for dual-gated nuclear medicine imaging: a sensitivity study. Med Biol Eng Comput 49, 783–791 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-011-0787-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-011-0787-2