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Towards a Richer Debate on Tissue Engineering: A Consideration on the Basis of NEST-Ethics

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Abstract

In their 2007 paper, Swierstra and Rip identify characteristic tropes and patterns of moral argumentation in the debate about the ethics of new and emerging science and technologies (or “NEST-ethics”). Taking their NEST-ethics structure as a starting point, we considered the debate about tissue engineering (TE), and argue what aspects we think ought to be a part of a rich and high-quality debate of TE. The debate surrounding TE seems to be predominantly a debate among experts. When considering the NEST-ethics arguments that deal directly with technology, we can generally conclude that consequentialist arguments are by far the most prominently featured in discussions of TE. In addition, many papers discuss principles, rights and duties relevant to aspects of TE, both in a positive and in a critical sense. Justice arguments are only sporadically made, some “good life” arguments are used, others less so (such as the explicit articulation of perceived limits, or the technology as a technological fix for a social problem). Missing topics in the discussion, at least from the perspective of NEST-ethics, are second “level” arguments—those referring to techno-moral change connected to tissue engineering. Currently, the discussion about tissue engineering mostly focuses on its so-called “hard impacts”—quantifiable risks and benefits of the technology. Its “soft impacts”—effects that cannot easily be quantified, such as changes to experience, habits and perceptions, should receive more attention.

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Notes

  1. By “trope”, Swierstra and Rip mean a recurring argument or motif that is supposed to have particular force; an argumentative “pattern” consists of two or more ethical arguments that provoke each other into existence.

  2. See Biojewellery: Designing Rings with Bioengineered Bone Tissue at www.biojewellery.com (last accessed June 3rd, 2012).

  3. Swierstra and Rip understand “technological voluntarists” to mean those that counter arguments of technological determinists (morals cannot influence the course of technological progress) by arguing that technology is influenced constantly by societal forces, and can thus be steered in morally desirable directions (Swierstra et al. Swierstra et al. 2009).

  4. This is an example of the well known fact that researchers often do not ultimately determine the use of the technological artifact they create. A technology may be used for other purposes than it was intended for, thus making it important to engage in an imagination about possible applications of a technology that go beyond the purposes for which it was created. These other applications may raise different questions.

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Acknowledgments

The research for this contribution was funded by the European Commission (EuroSTEC: EU contract LSHB-CT-2006-037409).

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  1. Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101 (IQ 114), 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    A. J. M. Oerlemans, M. E. C. van Hoek, E. van Leeuwen, S. van der Burg & W. J. M. Dekkers

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  1. A. J. M. Oerlemans
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  2. M. E. C. van Hoek
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  3. E. van Leeuwen
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Oerlemans, A.J.M., van Hoek, M.E.C., van Leeuwen, E. et al. Towards a Richer Debate on Tissue Engineering: A Consideration on the Basis of NEST-Ethics. Sci Eng Ethics 19, 963–981 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-012-9419-y

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