Abstract
The emergence of motorcycle-based ride-hailing services provides more transportation options to users in developing countries like Indonesia. However, many people currently believe that the availability of these new options threatens the demand for public transportation. This study aims to understand the latent factors that influence passengers to prefer bus service over motorcycle-based ride-hailing. The study includes 19 variables and applies a hybrid choice model by employing 703 bus passenger responses in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Our analysis shows three latent variables that most significantly impact the selection of bus service over motorcycle-based ride-hailing: forced bus use, bus service quality, and favorable conditions for bus use. These three variables were influential enough to outweigh the potential time and cost savings of motorcycle ride-hailing. The results also indicate that the decision of which option to use is significantly influenced by users’ age and income. Lastly, results of our analysis show that future bus service demand will depend on how much buses can improve to meet users’ needs, if they are to win the competition over transportation options that can be booked online such as motorcycle ride-hailing.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
See the Minister of Transportation Decree No. 430/2015. Available at: http://jdih.dephub.go.id/assets/uudocs/kepmen/2015/KP_430_Tahun_2015.pdf.
1 USD = 14,159 IDR.
See the Governor Decree No. 80/2017. Available at: http://jdih.jogjaprov.go.id/storage/20170710013230_skgub80_2017.pdf.
References
Aarhaug J, Olsen S (2018) Implications of ride-sourcing and self-driving vehicles on the need for regulation in unscheduled passenger transport. Res Transp Econ 69:573–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2018.07.026
Abenoza RF, Cats O, Susilo YO (2017) Travel satisfaction with public transport: determinants, user classes, regional disparities and their evolution. Transp Res Part A 95:64–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2016.11.011
Abou-Zeid M, Witter R, Bierlaire M, Kaufman V, Ben-Akiva M (2012) Happiness and travel mode switching: findings from a Swiss public transportation experiment. Transp Policy 19:93–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2011.09.009
Arentze TA (2013) Adaptive personalized travel information systems: a Bayesian method to learn users’ personal preferences in multimodal transport networks. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 14(4):1957–1966. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2013.2270358
Arentze TA, Molin EJE (2013) Travelers’ preferences in multimodal networks: design and results of a comprehensive series of choice experiments. Transp Res Part A 58:15–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2013.10.005
Atasoy B, Glerum A, Bierlaire M (2013) Attitudes towards mode choice in Switzerland. disP Plan Rev 49(2):101–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/02513625.2013.827518
Azzuhri AA, Syarafina A, Yoga FT, Amalia R (2018) A creative, innovative, and solution transportation for Indonesia with its setbacks and how to tackle them: a case study of the phenomenal GOJEK. Rev Integr Bus Econ Res 7(1):59–67
Bastarianto FF, Irawan MZ, Choudhury C, Palma D, Muthohar I (2019) A tour-based mode choice model for commuters in Indonesia. Sustainability 11(3):1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030788
Ben-Akiva M, McFadden D, Train K, Walker J, Bhat C, Bierlaire M, Munizaga MA (2002) Hybrid choice models: progress and challenges. Market Lett 13(3):163–175. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020254301302
Bierlaire M (2016) PythonBiogeme: a short introduction, report TRANSP-OR 160706 series on Biogeme, Transport and Mobility Laboratory, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Carreira R, Patrício L, Jorge RN, Magee C (2014) Understanding the travel experience and its impact on attitudes, emotions and loyalty towards the transportation provider—a quantitative study with mid-distance bus trips. Transp Policy 31:35–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2013.11.006
Cats O, Abenoza RF, Liu C, Susilo YO (2019) Evolution of satisfaction with public transport and its determinants in Sweden: identifying priority areas. Transp Res Rec J Transp Res Board 2538(1):86–95. https://doi.org/10.3141/2538-10
Center Bureau of Statistics (2017) Number of motorized vehicle in Indonesia 1949–2016. https://www.bps.go.id/linkTableDinamis/view/id/1133. Accessed 5 Jan 2019
Chen Z (2015) Impact of ride-hailing services on travel habits and transportation planning. Master of Science Thesis. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/25827/1/ZhenChen_ETDPITT2015.pdf. Accessed 29 Nov 2018
Clewlow RR, Mishra GS (2017) Disruptive transportation: the adoption, utilization, and impacts of ridesourcing services in San Francisco. https://itspubs.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/themes/ucdavis/pubs/download_pdf.php?id=2752. Accessed 18 Dec 2018
Creemers L, Cools M, Tormans H, Lateur PJ, Janssens D, Wets G (2012) Identifying the determinants of light rail mode choice for medium- and long-distance trips: results from a stated preference study. Transp Res Rec J Transp Res Board 2275(1):30–38. https://doi.org/10.3141/2275-04
Damaini AA, Nugroho GS, Suyoto S (2018) Fraud crime mitigation of mobile application users for online transportation. Int J Interact Mob Technol 12(3):153–167. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v12i3.8070
De Oña J, De Oña R, Eboli L, Forciniti C, Mazzulla G (2016) Transit passengers’ behavioural intentions: the influence of service quality and customer satisfaction. J Transportmetrica A Transp Sci 12(5):385–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/23249935.2016.1146365
Dias FF, Lavieri PS, Garikapati VM, Astroza S, Pendyala RM, Bhat CR (2017) A behavioral choice model of the use of car-sharing and ride-hailing services. Transportation 44:1307–1323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-017-9797-8
Dirgahayani P (2013) Environmental co-benefits of public transportation improvement initiative: the case of Trans-Jogja bus system in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. J Clean Prod 58:74–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.07.013
Dirgahayani P, Nakamura F (2012) Fostering partnerships towards sustainable urban mobility from the national to local level: Matsuyama, Japan and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Int Assoc Traffic Saf Sci 36:48–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2012.01.001
Duarte A, Garcia C, Limao S, Polydoropoulou A (2009) Experienced and expected happiness in transport mode decision making process. In: Transportation research board 88th annual meeting, Washington D.C
Duarte A, Garcia C, Giannarakis G, Limão S, Polydoropoulou A, Litinas N (2010) New approaches in transportation planning: happiness and transport economics. Netnomics 11:5–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11066-009-9037-2
Figler SA, Sriraj PS, Welch EW, Yavuz N (2011) Customer loyalty and Chicago, Illinois, transit authority buses: results from 2008 customer satisfaction survey. Transp Res Rec J Transp Res Board 2216:148–156. https://doi.org/10.3141/2216-16
Givoni M, Rietveld P (2007) The access journey to the railway station and its role in passengers’ satisfaction with rail travel. Transp Policy 14:357–365
Guerra E (2019) Electric vehicles, air pollution, and the motorcycle city: a stated preference survey of consumers’ willingness to adopt electric motorcycles in Solo, Indonesia. Transp Res Part D Transp Environ 68:52–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.07.027
Hoang-Tung N, Kojima A, Kubota H (2014) Recognising customers’ patterns of bus service patronage using a loyalty framework. IATSS Res 37(2):148–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2013.10.001
Ilahi A, Waro AI, Sumarsono P (2015) Public transport reform in Indonesian cities. In: Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for transportation studies, vol 10. http://www.easts.info/on-line/proceedings/vol10/pdf/1399.pdf. Accessed 7 July 2019
Indonesian Ministry of Transportation (2015) Number of traffic accident in Indonesia. http://ppid.dephub.go.id/files/buku_statistik_perhubungan_jilid_1_2015.pdf. Accessed 2 Nov 2019
Irawan MZ (2019) Exploring the performance of TransJogja Bus and the behavior of its passengers. In: The 5th international conference on science and technology, Yogyakarta, 30–31 July 2019
Irawan MZ, Putri MK, Belgiawan PF, Dwitasari R (2017) Analyzing commuters’ behavior on egress trip from railway stations in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Open Transp J 11:53–66. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874447801711010053
Irawan MZ, Belgiawan PF, Tarigan AKM, Wijanarko F (2019) To compete or not compete: exploring the relationships between motorcycle-based ride-sourcing, motorcycle taxis, and public transport in the Jakarta metropolitan area. Transportation. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-019-10019-5
Joewono TB, Kubota H (2007a) Exploring negative experiences and user loyalty in paratransit. Transp Res Rec J Transp Res Board 2034:134–142. https://doi.org/10.3141/2034-15
Joewono TB, Kubota H (2007b) User satisfaction with paratransit in competition with motorization in Indonesia: anticipation of future implications. Transportation 34:337–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-007-9119-7
Joewono TB, Santoso DS (2015) Service quality attributes for public transportation in Indonesian cities. J East Asia Soc Transp Stud 11:1064–1081. https://doi.org/10.11175/easts.11.1064
Joewono TB, Santoso DS, Ramadhan HJ, Rahmadiensyah RH, Ramdhan BP, Oktano LY (2017) Identifying characteristics of BRT-lite system: learning from Trans Metro Bandung, Indonesia. J East Asia Soc Transp Stud 12:14–34. https://doi.org/10.11175/easts.12.14
Joewono TB, Legi SD, Tarigan AKM (2018) A longitudinal analysis of traffic-violation behaviors among two groups of motorcyclists in Bandung, Indonesia. CARS-ASEAN, Kuala Lumpur, 4–7 December 2018
Jones A, Steinbach R, Roberts H, Goodman A, Green J (2012) Rethinking passive transport: bus fare exemptions and young people’s wellbeing. Health Place 18(3):605–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.01.003
Kennedy CA (2002) A comparison of the sustainability of public and private transportation systems: study of the Greater Toronto Area. Transportation 29(4):459–493. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016302913909
Kim S, Ulfarsson G (2012) Commitment to light rail transit patronage: case study for St. Louis Metrolink. J Urban Plan Dev 138(3):227–234. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000115
Kim J, Rasouli S, Timmermans HJP (2014) Hybrid choice models: principles and recent progress incorporating social influence and nonlinear utility functions. Procedia Environ Sci 22:20–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2014.11.003
Krygsman S, Dijst M, Arentze T (2004) Multimodal public transport: an analysis of travel time elements and the interconnectivity ratio. Transp Policy 11(3):265–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2003.12.001
Lai WT, Chen CF (2011) Behavioral intentions of public transit passengers—the roles of service quality, perceived value, satisfaction and involvement. Transp Policy 18(2):318–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2010.09.003
Lierop DV, Badami MG, El-Geneidy AM (2018) What influences satisfaction and loyalty in public transport? A review of the literature. Transp Rev 38:52–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2017.1298683
Liu CP (2017) Understanding the factors influencing public transport mode choice in Taiwan, Thesis, University College London, United Kingdom. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1575564/1/Liu_PhD%20Thesis-Revised-Chien-Pang-Sept-2017.pdf. Accessed 21 Jan 2019
Manan MMA, Várhelyi A (2012) Motorcycle fatalities in Malaysia. IATSS Res 36:30–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2012.02.005
Mbara TC (2016) Tuk-tuk ‘new kid on the block’ in Johannesburg: operational and user travel characteristics, competition and impacts. J Transp Supply Chain Manag 10(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.4102/jtscm.v10i1.214
Medeiros RM, Duarte F, Achmad F, Jalali A (2018) Merging ICT and informal transport in Jakarta’s ojek system. Transp Plan Technol 41(3):336–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/03081060.2018.1435465
Michie S, Van Stralen MM, West R (2011) The behavior change wheel: a new method for characterizing and designing behavior change interventions. Implement Sci 6(42):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-6-42
Minser J, Webb V (2010) Quantifying the benefits: application of customer loyalty modeling in public transportation context. Transp Res Rec J Transp Res Board 2144(1):111–120. https://doi.org/10.3141/2144-13
Molin EJE, Timmermans HJP (2010) Context dependent stated choice experiments: the case of train egress mode choice. J Choice Model 3(3):39–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1755-5345(13)70013-7
Munawar A (2018) Traffic accident analysis in the city of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. In: Proceedings of the World congress on engineering 2018, vol I. http://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCE2018/WCE2018_pp132-134.pdf. Accessed 8 July 2019
Munawar A, Malkamah S, Priyanto S (2009) Urban public transport reform in Indonesia, Yogyakarta Model. In: Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for transportation studies, vol 7. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/eastpro/2009/0/2009_0_261/_article/-char/ja/. Accessed 23 Nov 2018
Nordbakke S, Schwanen T (2015) Transport, unmet activity needs and wellbeing in later life: exploring the links. Transportation 42:1129–1151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-014-9558-x
Parikesit D (2004) Progress of CDM project in transport sector: lessons-learned from bus replacement project, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. In: Full Proceedings of CODATU XI, cooperation for urban mobility in the developing world (CODATU), Bucharest, Romania. http://www.codatu.org/wp-content/uploads/Progress-of-CDM-project-in-transport-sector-Yogyakarta-Indonesia-Danang-PARIKESIT.pdf. Accessed 24 June 2019
Polat C (2012) The demand determinants for urban public transport services: a review of the literature. J Appl Sci 12:1211–1231. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2012.1211.1231
Purba A, Nakamura F, Tanaka S (2014) Service delivered on new transit system from users viewpoint (case study: TransJogja and Trans Musi–Indonesia). In: Proceedings of international symposium on city planning, vol 6–8. http://www.cpij.or.jp/com/iac/sympo/Proceedings2014/8-fullpaper.pdf. Accessed 6 Dec 2018
Ramli MI, Dharmowijoyo DE (2018) Activity-travel behaviour, and daily and global well-being. In: International conference on civil, offshore & environmental engineering 2018 (ICCOEE 2018). MATEC web of conferences 203. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820305004
Ranney ML, Mello MJ, Baird JB, Chai PR, Clark MA (2010) Correlates of motorcycle helmet use among recent graduates of a motorcycle training course. Accid Anal Prev 42:2057–2062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.06.017
Rayle L, Dai D, Chan N, Cervero R, Shaheen S (2016) Just a better taxi? A survey-based comparison of taxis, transit and ridesourcing services in San Francisco. Transp Policy 45:168–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.10.004
Rezika WY, Priyanto S, Irawan MZ (2018) Estimation urban railway demand in Yogyakarta using bivariate ordered probit model. Int Symp Transp Stud Dev Ctries. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818102009
Rietveld P (2000) The accessibility of railway stations: the role of the bicycle in The Netherlands. Transp Res Part D 5(1):71–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1361-9209(99)00019-X
Sadowsky N, Nelson E (2017) The impact of ride-hailing services on public transportation use: a discontinuity regression analysis. Economics department working paper series. https://digitalcommons.bowdoin.edu/econpapers/13. Accessed 18 Oct 2018
Shaaban K, Kim I (2016) The influence of bus service satisfaction on university students’ mode choice. J Adv Transp 50:935–948. https://doi.org/10.1002/atr.1383
Silalahi SL, Handayani PW, Munajat Q (2017) Service quality analysis for online transportation service: case study of GO-JEK. Procedia Comput Sci 124:487–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.12.181
Şimşekoğlu O, Nordfjærn T, Rundmo T (2015) The role of attitudes, transport priorities, and car use habit for travel mode use and intentions to use public transportation in an urban Norwegian public. Transp Policy 42:113–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.05.019
Soehodho S (2017) Public transportation development and traffic accident prevention in Indonesia. Int Assoc Traffic Saf Serv 40(2):76–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2016.05.001
Sohail M, Maunder DAC, Cavill S (2006) Effective regulation for sustainable public transport in developing countries. Transp Policy 13(3):177–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2005.11.004
Souche S (2010) Measuring the structural determinants of urban travel demand. Transp Policy 17(3):127–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2009.12.003
Suatmadi AY, Creutzig F, Otto IM (2019) On-demand motorcycle taxis improve mobility, not sustainability. Case Stud Transp Policy 7:218–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2019.04.005
Tao S, Corcoran J, Mateo-Babiano I (2017) Modelling loyalty and behavioural change intentions of busway passengers: a case study of Brisbane, Australia. IATSS Res 41:113–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2016.10.001
Tarigan AKM, Susilo YO, Joewono TB (2010) Negative experiences and willingness to use paratransit in Bandung, Indonesia: an exploration with ordered-probit model. In: Transportation research board 89th annual meeting, Washington DC
Transistari R (2017) The use of importance performance analysis to evaluate the satisfaction level of the user of Trans Jogja Bus. J Econ 22(1):95–108. https://doi.org/10.24912/je.v22i1.184
Tuffour YA, Appiagyei DKN (2014) Motorcycle taxis in public transportation services within the Accra Metropolis. Am J Civ Eng 2:117–122. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajce.20140204.12
United Nations (2015) 17 goals to transform our world. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment. Accessed 7 July 2019
Walker J, Ben-Akiva M (2002) Generalized random utility model. Math Soc Sci 43(3):303–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-4896(02)00023-9
Walle SV, Steenberghen T (2006) Space and time related determinants of public transport use in trip chains. Transp Res Part A 40(2):151–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2005.05.001
Yan X, Levine J, Zhao X (2019) Integrating ridesourcing services with public transit: an evaluation of traveler responses combining revealed and stated preference data. Transp Res Part C 105:683–696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2018.07.029
YSR Development Planning Agency (2016) Private vehicle ownership in YSR from 2010 to 2015. http://bappeda.jogjaprov.go.id/dataku/informasi_statistik/detail/7-analisis-informasi-statistik-pembangunan-diy-2016. Accessed 8 Nov 2019
YSR Governor Regulation No. 16/2017 (2017) Trans-Jogja bus routes. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/44241. Accessed 12 Jan 2019
YSR Statistics Agency (2016) Number of population in Yogyakarta Special Province. https://yogyakarta.bps.go.id/dynamictable/2017/08/02/32/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-kabupaten-kota-di-d-i-yogyakarta-jiwa-.html. Accessed 1 Nov 2018
YSR Transport Agency (2018) Annual report the performance of TransJogja Bus in 2017, Yogyakarta
Zhou M, Wang D, Li Q, Yue Y, Tu W, Cao R (2017) Impacts of weather on public transport ridership: result from mining data from different sources. Transp Res Part C 75:17–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2016.12.001
Funding
Funding was provided by the Indonesian Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Irawan, M.Z., Belgiawan, P.F., Joewono, T.B. et al. Do motorcycle-based ride-hailing apps threaten bus ridership? A hybrid choice modeling approach with latent variables. Public Transp 12, 207–231 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-019-00217-w
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12469-019-00217-w