Abstract
Self-organizing multi agent systems, namely cooperative agent networks employing decentralized computing paradigms based on dynamic populations of mutually coupled oscillators, are assuming a major role in supporting the large-scale deployment of smart microgrids (SMGs). The adoption of these architectures would allow the agents to compute the main global variables characterizing the SMG operation without the need for a central fusion center. Thanks to this feature, all of the basic SMG control and monitoring functions could be processed according to a totally decentralized/non-hierarchical computing paradigm. Anyway, effectiveness of these architectures on real environment should face several issues not fully explored in the literature. Amongst these, the effect of data uncertainty has been recognized as one of the most critical issue to address. In trying and fixing this problem, this paper proposes new formalizations of the decentralized consensus protocols based on the use of Interval Arithmetic. The application of this reliable consensus protocols to decentralized SMG computing is explained in detail and several numerical results are presented and discussed in order to assess the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Details about the network data and the load demands can be obtained by Vaccaro and Villacci (2009).
References
Barbarossa S (2005) Self-organizing sensor networks with information propagation based on mutual coupling of dynamic systems. In: Proc Intl workshop on wireless ad-hoc networks (IWWAN)
Barbarossa S, Scutari G (2007) Decentralized maximum-likelihood estimation for sensor networks composed of nonlinearly coupled dynamical systems. IEEE Trans Signal Process 55(7):3456–3470. ISSN 1053–587X. doi:10.1109/TSP.2007.893921
Bolognani S, Carron A, Di Vittorio A, Romeres D, Schenato L, Zampieri S (2012) Distributed multi-hop reactive power compensation in smart micro-grids subject to saturation constraints. In: 2012 IEEE 51st annual conference on decision and control (CDC), pp 1118–1123. doi:10.1109/CDC.2012.6426317
Capriglione D, Ferrigno L, Paciello V, Pietrosanto A, Vaccaro A (2013) On the performance of consensus protocols for decentralized smart grid metering in presence of measurement uncertainty. In: Instrumentation and measurement technology conference (I2MTC), 2013 IEEE, International, pp 1176–1181. doi:10.1109/I2MTC.2013.6555599
Cho C, Jeon J-H, Kim J-Y, Kwon S, Park K, Kim S (2011) Active synchronizing control of a microgrid. IEEE Trans Power Electron 26(12):3707–3719. ISSN 0885–8993. doi:10.1109/TPEL.2011.2162532
Cortés J (2008) Distributed algorithms for reaching consensus on general functions. Automatica 44(3):726–737. ISSN 0005–1098. doi:10.1016/j.automatica.2007.07.022
Delvenne J-C, Carli R, Zampieri S (2009) Optimal strategies in the average consensus problem. Syst Control Lett 58(10–11):759–765. ISSN 0167–6911. doi: 10.1016/j.sysconle.2009.08.005
Di Bisceglie M, Galdi C, Vaccaro A, Villacci D (2009) Cooperative sensor networks for voltage quality monitoring in smart grids. In: PowerTech, 2009 IEEE Bucharest, pp 1–6. doi:10.1109/PTC.2009.5282012
Di Bisceglie M, Ullo S, Vaccaro A (2012) The role of cooperative information spreading paradigms for smart grid monitoring. In: Electrotechnical conference (MELECON), 2012 16th IEEE Mediterranean, pp 814–817. doi:10.1109/MELCON.2012.6196554
Dimeas A, Hatziargyriou N (2004) A multiagent system for microgrids. In: Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2004, vol 1. IEEE, pp 55–58. doi:10.1109/PES.2004.1372752
Dimeas A, Hatziargyriou N (2007) Agent based control for microgrids. In: Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2007. IEEE, pp 1–5. doi:10.1109/PES.2007.386064
Dimeas A, Hatziargyriou N (2009) Control agents for real microgrids. In: 15th international conference on intelligent system applications to power systems, 2009. ISAP ’09, pp 1–5. doi:10.1109/ISAP.2009.5352865
EU Research Project Microgrids. http://www.microgrids.eu
Gungor V, Sahin D, Kocak T, Ergut S, Buccella C, Cecati C, Hancke G (2013) A survey on smart grid potential applications and communication requirements. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 9(1):28–42. ISSN 1551–3203. doi:10.1109/TII.2012.2218253
Iacoviello A, Loia V, Pietrosanto A, Vaccaro A (2013) Decentralized consensus protocols: the enabler for smarter grids monitoring. In: 2013 27th International conference on advanced information networking and applications workshops (WAINA), pp 1559–1564. doi:10.1109/WAINA.2013.228
Katiraei F, Iravani R, Hatziargyriou N, Dimeas A (2008) Microgrids management. Power and Energy Magazine, IEEE 6(3):54–65. ISSN 1540–7977. doi:10.1109/MPE.2008.918702
Kravets R, Calvert K, Schwan K (1998) Payoff adaptation of communication for distributed interactive applications. J High Speed Netw 7(3–4):301–317
Lasseter B (2001) Microgrids [distributed power generation]. In: Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, 2001. IEEE, vol 1, pp 146–149. doi:10.1109/PESW.2001.917020
Loia V, Vaccaro A (2014) Decentralized economic dispatch in smart grids by self-organizing dynamic agents. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Syst 44(4):397–408. ISSN 2168–2216. doi:10.1109/TSMC.2013.2258909
Loia V, Furno D, Vaccaro A (2013a) Decentralised smart grids monitoring by swarm-based semantic sensor data analysis. Int J Syst Control Commun 5(1):1–14. ISSN 1755–9340. doi:10.1504/IJSCC.2013.054144
Loia V, Vaccaro A, Vaisakh K (2013b) A self-organizing architecture based on cooperative fuzzy agents for smart grid voltage control. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 9(3):1415–1422. ISSN 1551–3203. doi:10.1109/TII.2013.2249074
Moore RE, Bierbaum F (1979) Methods and applications of interval analysis (SIAM Studies in Applied and Numerical Mathematics). Soc for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. ISBN 0898711614
Olfati-Saber R, Murray R (2004) Consensus problems in networks of agents with switching topology and time-delays. IEEE Trans Autom Control 49(9):1520–1533. ISSN 0018–9286. doi:10.1109/TAC.2004.834113
Perfilieva I (2006) Fuzzy transforms: theory and applications. Fuzzy Sets Syst 157(8):993–1023
Pipattanasomporn M, Feroze H, Rahman S (2009) Multi-agent systems in a distributed smart grid: design and implementation. In: Power systems conference and exposition, 2009. PSCE ’09. IEEE/PES, pp 1–8. doi:10.1109/PSCE.2009.4840087
Rietz R, Suryanarayanan S (2008) A review of the application of analytic hierarchy process to the planning and operation of electric power microgrids. In: 40th North American power Symposium, 2008. NAPS ’08. pp 1–6. doi:10.1109/NAPS.2008.5307403
Sansawatt T, Ochoa L, Harrison G (2010) Integrating distributed generation using decentralised voltage regulation. In: Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2010 IEEE. doi:10.1109/PES.2010.5588127
Scutari G, S. Barbarossa, and L. Pescosolido. Distributed decision through self-synchronizing sensor networks in the presence of propagation delays and asymmetric channels. IEEE Trans Signal Process 56(4):1667–1684. ISSN 1053–587X. doi:10.1109/TSP.2007.909377
Stefanini L (2009) Fuzzy transform and smooth functions. In: IFSA/EUSFLAT Conf, pp 579–584
Stol J, De Figueiredo LH (1997) Self-validated numerical methods and applications. Monograph for 21st Brazilian Mathematics Colloquium, IMPA, Rio de Janeiro
Troiano L (2010) Fuzzy co-transform and its application to time series. In: 2010 International conference of soft computing and pattern recognition (SoCPaR), pp 379–384. doi:10.1109/SOCPAR.2010.5686735
Troiano L, Kriplani P (2011) Supporting trading strategies by inverse fuzzy transform. Fuzzy Sets Syst 180(1):121–145 (Fuzzy Transform as a New Paradigm in Fuzzy Modeling). ISSN 0165–0114. doi:10.1016/j.fss.2011.05.004
Tsikalakis A, Hatziargyriou N (2008) Centralized control for optimizing microgrids operation. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 23(1):241–248. ISSN 0885–8969. doi:10.1109/TEC.2007.914686
Vaccaro A, Villacci D (2009) Radial power flow tolerance analysis by interval constraint propagation. IEEE Trans Power Syst 24(1):28–39. ISSN 0885–8950. doi:10.1109/TPWRS.2008.2009383
Vaccaro A, Zobaa A (2011) Cooperative fuzzy controllers for autonomous voltage regulation in smart grids. J Ambient Intell Hum Comput 2(1):1–10. ISSN 1868–5137. doi:10.1007/s12652-010-0027-x
Vaccaro A, Zobaa AF (2013) Voltage regulation in active networks by distributed and cooperative meta-heuristic optimizers. Electric Power Syst Res 99(0):9–17. ISSN 0378–7796. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2013.01.013
Vaccaro A, Velotto G, Zobaa A (2011) A decentralized and cooperative architecture for optimal voltage regulation in smart grids. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 58(10):4593–4602. ISSN 0278–0046. doi:10.1109/TIE.2011.2143374
Williams B, Gahagan M, Dromey I, Costin K (2012) Using distributed decision-making to optimize power distribution and support microgrids. In: Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2012 IEEE, pp 1–6. doi:10.1109/PESGM.2012.6345743
Yang P, Freeman R, Lynch K (2008) Multi-agent coordination by decentralized estimation and control. IEEE Trans Autom Control 53(11):2480–2496. ISSN 0018–9286. doi:10.1109/TAC.2008.2006925
Zhang Z, Chow M-Y (2011) Incremental cost consensus algorithm in a smart grid environment. In: Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2011 IEEE, pp 1–6. doi:10.1109/PES.2011.6039422
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Formato, G., Troiano, L. & Vaccaro, A. Achieving consensus in self-organizing multi agent systems for smart microgrids computing in the presence of interval uncertainty. J Ambient Intell Human Comput 5, 821–828 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-014-0231-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-014-0231-1