Abstract
Optical packet-switching networks deploying buffering, wavelength conversion and multi-path routing have been extensively studied in recent years to provide high capacity transport for Internet traffic. However due to packet-based routing and switching, such a network could result in significant disorder and delay variation of packets when they are received by end users, thus increasing the burstiness of the Internet traffic and causing higher-layer protocol to malfunction. This paper addresses a novel routing and switching method for optical IP networks — flow routing, and its facilitating protocol. Flow routing deals with packet-flows to reduce flow corruption due to packet out-of-order, delay variation and packet loss, without using complicate control mechanism. Detailed performance analysis is given for output-buffered optical routers adopting flow routing. Two flow-oriented discarding techniques, i.e., flow discard (FD) and early flow discard (EFD), are discussed. Compared with optical packet-switching routers, a remarkable improvement of good-throughput is obtained in the optical flow-routers, especially under high congestion periods. We conclude that EFD behaves as a robust technique, which is more tolerant than FD to the change of traffic and transmission system factors.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S. A. Thomas, Ipng and the TCP/IP Protocols Implementing the Next Generation Internet (John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1996).
C. Guillemot, et al., Transparent optical packet switching: The European ACTS KEOPS project approach, Journal of Lightwave Technology,, vol. 16, no. 12, (Dec. 1998), pp. 2117–2134.
A. Carena, et al., OPERA: An optical packet experimental routing architecture with label swapping capability, Journal of Lightwave Technology,, vol. 16, no. 12, (Dec. 1998), pp. 2135–2145.
S. L. Danielsen, C. Joergensen, B. Mikkelsen, K. E. Stubkjaer, Analysis of a WDMpacket switch with improved performance under bursty traffic conditions due to tuneable wavelength converters, Journal of Lightwave Technology,, vol. 16, no. 5, (May 1998), pp. 729–735.
J. J. He, D. Simeonidou, S. Chaudhry, Contention resolution in optical packet-switching networks: under long-range depen-dent traffic, Proc. of OFC'2000 (Baltimore, US, March 2000), paper ThU4, pp. 295–297.
J. C. R. Bennett, C. Patridge, N. Shectman, Packet reordering is not pathological network behavior, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,, vol. 7, no. 6, (Dec. 1999), pp. 789–798.
S. Danielsen, B. Mikkelsen, C. Joergensen, T. Durhuus, K. Stubkjaer, WDM packet switch architectures and analysis of the in¯uence of tuneable wavelength converters on the performance, Journal of Lightwave Technology,, vol. 15, no. 2, (Feb. 1997), pp. 219–227.
M. G. Hluchyj, M. J. Karol, Queueing in high-performance packet switching, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,, vol. 6, no. 9, (Dec. 1988), pp. 1587–1597.
R. Lamaire, D. Serpanos, Two-dimensional round-robin schedulers for packet switches with multiple input queues, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,, vol. 2, no. 5, (Oct. 1994), pp. 471–482.
M. J. Karol, Shared-memory optical packet (ATM) switch, Proc. of SPIE symposium on multi-gigabit fiber communication systems, (1993),, vol. 2024, pp. 212–222.
J. Diao, P. L. Chu, Analysis of partially shared buffering for WDM optical packet switching, Journal of Lightwave Technology,, vol. 17, no. 12, (Dec. 1999), pp. 2461–2469.
S. L. Danielsen, P. B. Hansen, K. Stubkjaer, Wavelength conversion in optical packet switching, Journal of Lightwave Technology,, vol. 16, no. 12, (Dec. 1998), pp. 2095–2108.
I. Cidon, R. Rom, Y. Shavitt, Analysis of multi-path routing, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,, vol. 7, no. 6, (Dec. 1999), pp. 885–895.
B. Suter, T. V. Lakshman, D. Stiliadis, A. K. Choudhury, Buffer management schemes for supporting TCP in Gigabit routers with per-¯ow queueing, IEEE Journal on Select Areas in Communications,, vol. 17, no. 6, (June 1999), pp. 1159–1169.
P. Newman, Traffic management for ATMlocal area networks, IEEE Communications Magazine,, vol. 32, no. 8, (Aug. 1994), pp. 44–50.
N. Ghani, Lambda-labeling: a framework for IP-over-WDM using MPLS, Optical Networks Magazine,, vol. 1, no. 2, (Apr. 2000), pp. 45–58.
C. M. Qiao, M. S. Yoo, Optical burst switching (OBS)—a new paradigm for an optical Internet, Journal of High Speed Networks,, vol. 8, no. 1, (1999), pp. 69–84.
F. Callegati, Which packet length for a transparent optical network?, Proc. of SPIE symposium on broadband networking technologies, (1997),, vol. 3233, pp. 260–271.
A. Romanov, S. Floyd, Dynamics of TCP traffic over ATM networks, IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 13, no. 4, (1995), pp. 633–641.
Y. Lapid, R. Rom, M. Sidi, Analysis of discarding policies in high-speed networks, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,, vol. 16, no. 5, (1998), pp. 764–777.
L. Kleinrock, Queueing Systems Theory,, vol. 1 (John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1975).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
He, J.J., Simeonidou, D. Flow Routing and its Performance Analysis in Optical IP Networks. Photonic Network Communications 3, 49–62 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011483610894
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011483610894