Skip to main content
Log in

What In Nature Is The Compulsion Of Reason?

  • Published:
Synthese Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

If reason is a real causal force,operative in some, but not all ofour cognition and conation, then itought to be possible to tell anaturalistic story that distinguishes themind which is moved byreason from the mind which is movedby forces other than reason.This essay proposes some steps towardthat end. I proceed by showingthat it is possible to reconcile certainemerging psychological ideasabout the causal powers of themind/brain with a venerablephilosophical vision of reason as the facultyof norms. My accountof reason is psychologistic, social, and consistent with anevolutionary approach to mind. The account preserves thenormativity by deflating it. But I argue that onlysuch deflated normativity has any chance of beingmade naturalistically respectable.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Axelrod, R.: 1984, The Evolution of Cooperation, Basic Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baillargeon, R.: 1995, 'Physical Reasoning in Infancy', in Gazzaniga, 1995.

  • Baillargeon, R., L. Kotovsky and A. Needleman: 1995, 'The Acquisition of Physical Knowledge in Infancy', in D. Sperber, D. Premack and A. J. Premack, (eds), Causal Cognition, Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barkow, J., L. Cosmides and J. Tooby, eds.: 1992, The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baron-Cohen, S.: 1995, Mindblindness: An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bazerman, M. and Neale, M.: 1986, 'Heuristics in Negotiation, in H. Arkes and K. Hammond (eds), Judgment and Decision Making: An Interdisciplinary Reader, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bigelow, J. and R. Pargetter: 1987, Journal of Philosophy 84, 118–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carnap, R.: 1969, The Logical Structure of the World and Pseudoproblems in Philosophy, R. A. George (trans), University of California Press, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casscells, W., A. Schoenberger and T. Grayboys: 1978, 'Interpretation by Physicians of Clinical Laboratory Results', New England Journal of Medicine 299, 999–1000.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cosmides, L. and J. Tooby: 1992, 'Cognitive Adaptations for Social Exchange', in J. Barkow, L. Cosmides and J. Tooby (eds), pp. 163–228.

  • Cosmides, L. and J. Tooby: 1996, 'Are Humans Good Intuitive Statisticians After All? Rethinking Some Conclusions from the Literature on Judgment Under Uncertainty', Cognition 58(1), 1–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dretske, F.: 1981, Knowledge and the Flow of Information, MIT Press/Bradford Books, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dretske, F. 1986. Explaining Behavior, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fodor, J.: 1983, The Modularity of Mind, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

  • Gazzaniga, M. S. ed.: 1995, The Cognitive Neurosciences, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gigerenzer, G.: 1991a, 'How to Make Cognitive Illusions Disappear: Beyond Heuristics and Biases', European Review of Social Psychology 2, 83–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gigerenzer, G.: 1991b, 'On Cognitive Illusions and Rationality', Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities 21, 225–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gigerenzer, G.: 1994, 'Why the Distinction between Single-Event Probabilities and Frequencies is Important for Psychology (and vice versa)', in G. Wright and P. Ayton, (eds), Subjective Probability, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gigerenzer, G.: 1996a, 'On Narrow Norms and Vague Heuristics: A Reply to Kahneman and Tversky (1996)', Psychological Review 103, 592–596.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gigerenzer, G.: 1996b, 'The Psychology of Good Judgement: Frequency Formats and Simple Algorithms', Journal of Medical Decision Making 16, 273–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gigerenzer, G.: 1998, 'Ecological Intelligence: An Adaptation for Frequencies;, In D. D. Cummins and C. Allen (eds), The Evolution of Mind, Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gigerenzer, G. and U. Hoffrage: 1995, 'How to Improve Bayesian Reasoning Without Instruction: Frequency Formats', Psychological Review 102, 684–704.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gigerenzer, G., U. Hoffrage and H. Kleinbölting: 1991, 'Probabilistic Mental Models: A Brunswikean Theory of Confidence', Psychological Review 98, 506–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gigerenzer, G. and D. Murray: 1987, Cognition as Intuitive Statistics, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Godfrey-Smith, P.: 1994, 'A Modern History Theory of Functions', Nous 28, 344–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, S.: 1992, Bully for Brontosaurus. Further Reflections in Natural History, Penguin Books, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffrage, U. and G. Gigerenzer: 1996, 'The Impact of Information Representation on Bayesian Reasoning', in G. Cottrell (ed.), Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Erlbaum, Mahway, NJ, pp. 126–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hume, D.: 1977, in Eric Steinburg (ed.), An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Hackett, Indianapolis.

  • Kahneman, D. and A. Tversky: 1972, 'Subjective Probability: A Judgment of Representativeness', Cognitive Psychology 3, 340–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman, D. and A. Tversky: 1973, 'On the Psychology of Prediction', Psychological Review 80, 237–51. Reprinted in Kahneman, Slovic and Tversky (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman, D., P. Slovic and A. Tversky: 1982, Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kant, I.: 1968, in Norman Kemp Smith (trans), The Critique of Pure Reason, St. Martin's Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kant, I.: 1959, in Lewis White Beck (trans), The Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals, Bobbs-Merrill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landau, B., E. Spelke and L. Gleitman: 1984, 'Spatial Knowledge in a Young Blind Child', Cognition 16, 225–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leibniz, G. W.: 1981, in P. Remnant and J. Bennett (eds/trans), New Essays on Human Understanding, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leslie, A.: 1991, 'The Theory of Mind Impairment in Autism: Evidence for a Modular Mechanism of Development?', in A Whiten (ed.), Natural Theories of Mind, Blackwell, London.

  • Leslie, A.: 1994, 'ToMM, ToBy, and Agency: Core Architecture and Domain Specificity'.

  • Locke, J.: 1975, in P. Nidditch (ed.), An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millikan, R.: 1984, Language. Thought and Other Biological Categories, MIT Press/Bradford Books, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millikan, R.: 1986, 'Thought Without Laws', Philosophical Review 95(1), 47–80. Reprinted in Millikan (1993b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Millikan, R.: 1989a, 'In Defense of Proper Functions', Philosophy of Science 56, 288-303. Reprinted in Millikan (1993b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Millikan, R.: 1989b, 'Biosemantics', Journal of Philosophy 86(6), 281–97. Reprinted in Millikan (1993b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Millikan, R.: 1990, 'Truth Rules, Hoverflies, and the Kripke-Wittgenstein Paradox', Philosophical Review 99(3), 323–53. Reprinted in Millikan (1993b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Millikan, R.: 1993a, 'White Queen Psychology', in Millikan (1993b).

  • Millikan, R.: 1993b, White Queen Psychology and Other Essays for Alice, MIT Press/Bradford Books, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neander, K.: 1991a, 'Functions as Selected Effects: The Conceptual Analysis Defense, Philosophy of Science 58, 168–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neander, K.: 1991b, 'The Teleological Notion of “Function”', Australasian Journal of Philosophy 69, 454–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neander, K.: 1995. 'Misrepresentating and Malfunctioning', Philosophical Studies 79, 109–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nisbett, R. and L. Ross: 1980, Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piattelli-Palmarini, M.: 1994, Inevitable Illusions: How Mistakes of Reason Rule Our Minds, John Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinker, S.: 1997, How the Mind Works, W. W. Norton, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spelke, E. S.: 1988, 'The Origins of Physical Knowledge', in L. Weiskranz (ed.), Thought and Language, Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 168–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spelke, E.: 1995, 'Initial Knowledge: Six Suggestions', Cognition 50, 443–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spelke, E., P. Vishton and C. von Hofsten: 1995, 'Object Perception, Object-Directed Action and Physical Knowledge in Infancy', In Gazzaniga, 1995.

  • Stein, E.: 1996, Without Good Reason, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, K.: 1994, 'How not to Refute Eliminative Materialism', Philosophical Psychology 7, 101–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, K. (unpublished) 'Must Intentional Systems be Rational?”.

  • Trivers, R. L.: 1971, 'The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism', Quarterly Review of Biology 7, 1–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tooby, J. and L. Cosmides: 1992, 'The Psychological Foundations of Culture', in J. Barkow, L. Cosmides and J. Tooby (1992), pp. 19–136.

  • Tooby, J. and L. Cosmides: 1995, 'Foreword', in Baron-Cohen (1995), pp. xi–xviii.

  • Tversky, A. and D. Kahneman: 1982, 'Judgments of and by Representativeness', in Kahneman, Slovic and Tversky (1982), pp. 84–98.

  • Wason, P.: 1966, 'Reasoning', in B. M. Foss (ed.), New Horizons in Psychology, Penguin, Harmondsworth, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, L.: 1973, 'Functions', Philosophical Review 82, 139–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, L.: 1976, Teleological Explanations, University of California Press, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Taylor, K.A. What In Nature Is The Compulsion Of Reason?. Synthese 122, 209–244 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005280329063

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005280329063

Keywords

Navigation