Abstract
In this article we show how an active stereo camera head can be made to autonomously learn to fixate objects in space. During fixatio n, the system performs an initial and a correction saccade. In the learning phase the correction saccade is controlled by a crude prewired algorithm, in analogy to a mechanism surmised to exist in the brainstem. A vector-based neural network serves as the adaptive component in our system. A self-organizing fovea improves dramatically the convergence of the learning algorithm and the accuracy of the fixation. As a possible application we describe the visuo-motor coordination of the camera head with an anthropomorphic robot arm.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Anastasio, T.J. and Robinson, D.A. 1989. The distributed representation of vestibulo-oculomotor signals by brain-stem neurons. Biological Cybernetics, 61:79-88.
Becker, M., Kefalea, E., Maël, E., Pagel, M., Triesch, J., Vorbrueggen, J.C., Malsburg, C.v.d., and Zadel, S. 1998. Gripsee: A robot for visually-guided grapsing. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation ICRA 98, submitted.
Carpenter, R.H.S. 1988. Movements of the Eyes, 2nd edition, Pion: London.
Craig, John J. 1989. Introduction to Robotics: Mechanics and Control, 2nd edition, Addison-Wesley: New York.
Dean, P., Mayhew, J.E., and Langdon, P.M. 1994. Learning and maintaining saccadic accuracy: A model of brainstem-cerebella interactions. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 6:117- 138.
Dean, P., Mayhew, J.E., Thacker, N., and Langdon, P.M. 1991. Saccade control in a simulated robot camera-head system: Neural net architectures for efficient learning of inverse kinematics. Biological Cybernetics, 66:27-36.
Fritzke, B. 1995a. A growing neural gas network learns topologies. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 7, G. Tesauro, D.S. Touretzky, and T.K. Leen (Eds.), MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, pp. 625-632.
Fritzke, B. 1995b. Incremental learning of local linear mappings. In CANN'95: International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, F. Fogelman and P. Gallinari (Eds.), EC2 & Cie: Paris, pp. 217-222.
Grossberg, S. and Kuperstein, M.1986. Neural Dynamics of Adaptive Sensory-Motor Control: Ballistic Eye Movements, 2nd edition, North-Holland: Amsterdam.
Grüsser, O.J. and Grüsser-Cornehls, U. 1995. Gesichtssinn und Okulomotorik. In Physiologie des Menschen, Robert F. Schmidt and Gerhard Thews (Eds.), Chapt. 16, Springer: Berlin, pp. 278- 315.
Haykin, S. 1994. Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation, Macmillan College Publishing Company.
Henson, D.B. 1978. Corrective saccades: Effects of altering visual feedback. Vision Res, 18:63-67.
Kawato, M., Furaka, K., and Suzuki, R. 1987. A hierarchical neural-network model for control and learning of voluntary movement. Biological Cybernetics, 57:169-185.
Keller, E.L. 1989. The cerebellum. In The Neurobiology of Saccadic Eye Movements, Robert H. Wurtz and Michael E. Goldberg (Eds.), Chapt. 11, Elsevier: Amsterdam, pp. 391-409.
Martinetz, T. 1992. Selbstorganisierende Neuronale Netzwerkmodelle zur Bewegungssteuerung. Ph.D. thesis, Technische Universität München.
Optican, L.M. 1985. Adaptive properties of the saccadic system. In Adaptive Mechanisms in Gaze Control, A. Berthoz and G. Melvill Jones (Eds.), Chapt. 4, Elsevier: Amsterdam, pp. 71- 79.
Rao, Rajesh P.N. and Ballard, Dana H. 1995. Learning saccadic eye movements using multiscale spatial filters. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 7:893-900.
Ritter, H., Martinetz, T., and Schulten, K. 1992. Neural Computation and Self-Organizing Maps: An Introduction, Addison Wesley: New York.
Robinson, D.A. 1968. Eye movement control in primates. Science, 161:1219-1224.
Zrenner, E., Abramov, I., Akita, M., Cowey, A., Livingstone, M., and Valberg, A. 1990. Color perception: Retina to cortex. In Visual Perception: The Neurophysiological Foundations, L. Spillmann and J.S. Werner (Eds.), Chapt. 8, Academic Press: New York, pp. 163-204.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pagel, M., Maël, E. & von der Malsburg, C. Self Calibration of the Fixation Movement of a Stereo Camera Head. Autonomous Robots 5, 355–367 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008866524094
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008866524094