Skip to main content
Log in

On Evolving Social Systems: Communication, Speciation and Symbiogenesis

  • Published:
Computational & Mathematical Organization Theory Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper we introduce three enhancements for evolutionary computing techniques in social environments. We describe the use of the genetic algorithm to evolve communicating rule-based systems, where each rule-based system represents an agent in a social/multi-agent environment. It is shown that the evolution of multiple cooperating agents can give improved performance over the evolution of an equivalent single agent, i.e. non-social, system. We examine the performance of two social system configurations as approaches to the control of gait in a wall climbing quadrupedal robot, where each leg of the quadruped is controlled by a communicating agent. We then introduce two social-level operators&2014;speciation and symbiogenesis&2014;which aim to reduce the amount of knowledge required a priori by automatically manipulating the system&2018;s social structure and describe their use in conjunction with the communicating rule-based systems. The reasons for implementing these kinds of operators are discussed and we then examine their performance in developing the controller of the wall-climbing quadruped. We find that the use of such operators can give improved performance over static population/agent configurations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ackley, D.H. and M.L. Littman (1994), "Altruism in the Evolution of Communication," in R. Brooks and P. Maes (Eds.) Artificial Life IV, MIT Press, pp. 40–48.

  • Allee, W.C., A.E. Emerson, K.P. Schmidt, T. Park and O. Park (Eds.) (1949), Principles of Animal Ecology. Saunders Company.

  • Arkin, R.C. and J.D. Hobbs (1992), "Dimensions of Communication and Social Organisation in Multi-Agent Robotic Systems," in J.-A. Meyer, H.L. Roitblat and S.W. Wilson (Eds.) From Animals to Animats 2. MIT Press, pp. 486–493.

  • Beer, R.D. and J.C. Gallagher (1992), "Evolving Dynamical Neural Networks for Adaptive Behaviour," Adaptive Behaviour, 1(1), 91–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Booker, L.B. (1988), "Classifier Systems that Learn Internal World Models," Machine Learning, 3(3), 161–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bull, L. (1997), "Evolutionary Computing in Multi-Agent Environments: Partners," in T. Baeck (Ed.) Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, Morgan Kaufmann, pp. 370–377.

  • Bull, L. (1998), "Evolutionary Computing in Multi-Agent Environments: Operators," in V.W. Porto, N. Saravanan, D. Wagen and A.E. Eiben (Eds.) Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Conference on Evolutionary Programming, Springer-Verlag, pp. 43–52.

  • Bull, L. and T.C. Fogarty (1993), "Coevolving Communicating Classifier Systems for Tracking," in R.F. Albrecht, C.R. Reeves and N.C. Steels (Eds.) Artificial Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms, Springer-Verlag, pp. 522–527.

  • Bull, L. and T.C. Fogarty (1996), "Artificial Symbiogenesis," Artificial Life, 2(3), 269–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bull, L and O. Holland (1997), "Evolutionary Computing in Multi-Agent Environments: Eusociality," in J.R. Koza, K. Deb, M. Dorigo, D.B. Fogel, M. Garzon, H. Iba and R.L. Riolo (Eds.) Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference on Genetic Programming, Morgan Kaufmann, pp. 347–352.

  • Burghardt, G.M. (Ed.) (1970), "Defining Communication," Communication by Chemical Signals, Appleton-Century-Crofts.

  • Cohoon, J.P., S.U. Hedge, W.N. Martin and D. Richards (1987), "Punctuated Equilibria; A Parallel Genetic Algorithm," in J.L. Grefenstette (Ed.) Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 148–154.

  • Cruse, H. (1991), "Coordination of Leg Movement in Walking Animals," in J.-A. Meyer and S.W. Wilson (Eds.) From Animals to Animats, MIT Press, pp. 156–167.

  • Cruse, H., U. Muller-Wilm and J. Dean (1992), "Artificial Neural Nets for Controlling a 6-leggedWalking System," in J.-A. Meyer, H.L. Roitblat and S.W. Wilson (Eds.) From Animals to Animats 2, MIT Press, pp. 156–167.

  • Dawkins, R. (Ed.) (1995), River Out of Eden. Weidenfeld & Nicholson.

  • Dorigo, M. and U. Schnepf (1992), "Genetics-Based Machine Learning and Behaviour-Based Robotics: A New Synthesis," IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 22(6), 141–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fogarty, T.C. (1992), "Evolving Controllers," IEEE Digest, 106, 81–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grefenstette, J.L., C. Ramsey and A. Schultz (1990), "Learning Sequential Decision Rules Using Simulation Models and Competition," Machine Learning, 5(4), 355–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruau, D. (1995), "Automatic Definition of Modular Neural Networks," Adaptive Behaviour, 3(2), 151–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, W.D. (1964), "The Genetical Evolution of Social Behaviour," Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, 1–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holland, J.H. (Ed.) (1975), Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems. Univ. of Michigan Press.

  • Holland, J.H. (1986), "Escaping Brittleness: The Possibilities of a General Purpose Machine Learning Algorithm Applied to Parallel Rule-Based Systems," Machine Learning II, Los Altos.

  • Husbands, P. (1994), "Distributed Coevolutionary Genetic Algorithms for Multi-Criteria and Multi-Constraint Optimisation," in T.C. Fogarty (Ed.) Evolutionary Computing, Springer-Verlag, pp. 150–165.

  • Iba, H. (1996), "Emergent Cooperation for Multiple Agents Using Genetic Programming," in H.M. Voigt, W. Ebeling, I. Rechenberg and H.-P. Schwefel (Eds.) Parallel Problem Solving from Nature-PPSN IV, Springer, pp. 32–41.

  • Kauffman, S.A. (Ed.) (1993), The Origins of Order: Self-Organisation and Selection in Evolution. Oxford University Press.

  • Koza, J. (Ed.) (1992), Genetic Programming. MIT Press.

  • MacLennan, B. (1989), "Synthetic Ethology: An Approach to the Study of Communication," in C.G. Langton, C. Taylor, J.D. Farmer and S. Rasmussen (Eds.) Artificial Life II, Addison-Wesley, pp. 295–312.

  • Margulis, L. (Ed.) (1970), Origin of Eukaryotic Cells. Yale University Press.

  • Mayr, E. (Ed.) (1942), Systematics and the Origin of Species. Columbia Press.

  • Merezhkovsky (1920), in L.N. Khakhina (Ed.) (1992), Concepts of Symbiogenesis: History of Symbiogenesis as an Evolutionary Mechanism, Yale University Press.

  • Mikami, S., H. Tano and Y. Kakazu (1993), "Strange Structured Mobile Robots and Their Learning Acquisition of Movement," Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Advanced Robotics, The Robotic Society of Japan, pp. 210–215.

  • Moriarty, D.E. and R. Mikkulainen (1996), "Efficient Reinforcement Learning Through Symbiotic Evolution," Machine Learning, 22(1–3), 11–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nardon, P. and M. Grenier (1991), "Serial Endosymbiosis Theory and Weevil Evolution: The Role of Symbiosis," in L. Margulis and R. Fester (Eds.) Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation, MIT Press, pp. 155–169.

  • Ono, N. and A.T. Rahmani (1993), "Self-Organisation of Communication in Distributed Learning Classifier Systems," in R.F. Albrecht, C.R. Reeves and N.C. Steels (Eds.) Artificial Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms, Springer-Verlag, pp. 361–367.

  • Potter, M. and K. DeJong (1994), "A Cooperative Coevolutionary Approach to Function Optimization," in Y. Davidor, H.P. Schwefel and R. Manner (Eds.) Parallel Problem Solving From Nature III, Springer-Verlag, pp. 249–259.

  • Potter, M., K. DeJong and J.L. Grefenstette (1995), "A Coevolutionary Approach to Learning Sequential Decision Rules," in L.J. Eshelman (Ed.) Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Genetic Algorihtms, Morgan Kaufman, pp. 366–372.

  • Robins, P. (1994), "The Effect of Parasitism on the Evolution of a Communication Protocol in an Artificial Life Simulation," in D. Cliff, P. Husbands, J.-A. Meyer and S.W. Wilson (Eds.) From Animals to Animats 3, MIT Press, pp. 431–437.

  • Rosen, R. (1994), "Cooperation and Chimera," in J.L. Casti and A. Karlqvist (Eds.) Cooperation and Conflict in General Evolutionary Processes, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 343–358.

  • Saunders, G. and J.B. Pollack (1996), "The Evolution of Communication Schemes Over Continuous Channels," in P. Maes, M. Mataric, J.-A. Meyer, J. Pollack and S.W. Wilson (Eds.) From Animals to Animats 4, MIT Press, pp. 580–589.

  • Seredynski, F. (1994), "Loosely Coupled Distributed Genetic Algorithms," in Y. Davidor, H.-P. Schwefel and R. Manner (Eds.) Parallel Problem Solving From Nature III, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 514–523.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sims, K. (1994), "Evolving 3D Morphology and Behaviour by Competition," in R.A. Brooks and P. Maes (Eds.), Artificial Life IV, MIT Press, pp. 28–39.

  • Smith, S.F. (1980), "A Learning System Based on Genetic Adaptive Algorithms," Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.

  • Stanley, A.E., D. Ashlock and L. Tesfatsion (1994), "Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma with Choice and Refusal of Partners," in C.G. Langton (Ed.) Artificial Life III, Addison-Wesley, pp. 131–146.

  • Tinbergen, N. (Ed.) (1951), The Study of Instincts. Oxford University Press.

  • Werner, G.M. and M.G. Dyer (1989), "Evolution of Communication in Artificial Organisms," in C.G. Langton, C. Taylor, J.D. Farmer and S. Rasmussen (Eds.) Artificial Life II, Addison-Wesley, pp. 659–688.

  • Yanco, H. and L.A. Steins (1992), "An Adaptive Communication Protocol for Cooperative Mobile Robots," in J.-A. Meyer, H.L. Roitblat and S.W. Wilson (Eds.) From Animals to Animats 2, MIT Press, pp. 105–119.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bull, L. On Evolving Social Systems: Communication, Speciation and Symbiogenesis. Computational & Mathematical Organization Theory 5, 281–302 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009642524130

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009642524130

Navigation