Abstract
This paper studies problems related to spatial data handling in intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and it investigates solution approaches. The discussion focuses on three areas: (1) data management and processing, (2) dynamic data integration, and (3) data exchange and communications. For data management and processing, the paper considers the approach of the combined use of GIS and database management systems (DBMS). The framework under which GIS and DBMS are integrated and the interoperability requirements related to this framework are discussed. Unified location referencing systems, location referencing message specification, and ITS datum are major strategies proposed to address problems arising from dynamic data integration in ITS applications. The paper provides a review on the research associated with the development of these strategies and recommends the use of reference maps in places where data collection or reconciliation efforts can be coordinated. To facilitate data exchange and communications, the paper investigates the use of data dictionaries, data coding, and data models. Key issues related to their development are identified, and potential approaches to address these issues are suggested.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J.L. Adler and V.J. Blue. “Toward the design of intelligent traveler information systems,” Transportation Research C, Vol. 6(3):157–172, 1998.
D. Arctur, D. Hair, G. Timson, E.P. Martin, and R. Fegeas. “Issues and prospects for the next generation of the spatial data transfer standard (SDTS),” International Journal of Geographic Information Systems, Vol. 12(4):403–425, 1998.
Y. Bishr. “Overcoming the semantic and other barriers to GIS interoperability,” International Journal of Geographic Information Systems, Vol. 12(4):299–314, 1998.
Y. Blum, M. Van Aerde, and E.R. Case. “Considerations for the application of a route guidance system in the greater Toronto area,” in Proceedings of Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 76–83, 1989.
G. Clement, C. Larouche, D. Gouin, P. Morin, and H. Kucera. “OGDI: Toward interoperability among geospatial databases,” SIGMOD Record, Vol. 26(3):18–23, 1997.
P. Davies, G. Trenta, and J. Booth. “Development of standards for traffic/travel information exchange,” in Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of ITS America, Washington D.C., 275–284, 1995.
K.J. Dueker and J.A. Butler. GIS-T Enterprise Data Model with Suggested Implementation Choices. Center for Urban Studies: Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, 1997.
M.J. Egenhofer. “Spatial SQL: A query and presentation language,” IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, Vol. 6(1):86–95, 1994.
M.R. Foster. “Vehicle location for route guidance,” in Proceedings of Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 11–16, 1989.
J. Ganter, C. Goodwin, and D. Xiong. “The open GeoData interoperability specification (OGIS) as a technology for geospatial transportation computing,” in Proceedings of Geographic Information Systems for Transportation Symposium (GIS-T), Sparks, Nevada, 535–553, 1995.
M. Gehegan. “Accounting for the semantic differences between various geographic information systems.” in Proceedings of International Conference on Interoperating Geographic Information Systems, Santa Barbara, California, 1997.
Geographic Data BC, “BC Road Network Systems,” http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/gdbc, British Columbia, Canada, 1998.
C. Goodwin and D. Xiong. Location Referencing Message Protocol for ITS Application. White Paper prepared for Oak Ridge National Laboratory project on Nationwide Map Database and Location Referencing System. Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1994.
C. Goodwin, D. Siegel, and S. Gordon. Location Reference Message Specification. Report prepared for U.S. Federal Highway Administration, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1996.
T. Hadzilacos and N. Tryfona. “Logical data modeling for geographic applications,” International Journal of Geographic Information Systems, Vol. 10(2):179–203, 1996.
B.G. Heydecker, C. Small, and A. Poulovassilis. “Deductive databases for transportation engineering,” Transportation Research C, Vol. 3(5):277–292, 1995.
C.E. Hickman. “Feature-based data models and linear referencing systems: aids to avoiding excessive segmentation of network links,” in Proceedings of Geographic Information Systems for Transportation Symposium (GIS-T), Sparks, Nevada, 89–113, 1995.
H. Kawashima and Y. Hata. “The Japanese approach to IVHS standards,” in Proceedings of the IVHS America Annual Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, 725–742, 1994.
T. Johnson and M. Bolt. “Don't believe the hype,” Traffic Technology International, 53–56, April/May 1998.
G. Langran. “Temporal GIS design and tradeoffs,” Journal of URISA, Vol. 2(1):16–25, 1990.
G. Langran. Time in Geographic Information Systems. Taylor and Francis: London, 1992.
N.S.T. Lee, H.A. Karimi, and E.J. Krakiwsky. “Road information systems: impact of geographic information systems technology to automatic vehicle navigation and guidance,” in Proceedings of Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 347–352, 1989.
T. Mowbray and W. Ruh. Inside CORBA. Distributed Object Standards and Applications. Addison-Wesley: Reading, Massachusetts, 1997.
National Institute of Standard and Technology, Federal Information Processing Standard Publication 173-1, Spatial Data Transfer Standard. US Department of Commence: Washington DC, 1994.
OGC. The Open GIS Guide: Introduction to Interoperable Geoprocessing. OGC Document, edited by Buehler, K. and L. McKee, 1996.
OGC. OpenGIS Abstract Specification. OGC Document, edited by C. Kottman, 1999.
P. Okunieff, C. Minehan, D. Siegel, and S. Gordon. “Location referencing system for IVHS: A progress report,” in Proceedings of Geographic Information Systems for Transportation Symposium (GIS-T), Norfolk, Virginia, 72–89, 1994.
OMG (1997). CORBA/IIOP 2.1 Specification, http://www.omg.org/corba/corbiiop.html.
D.J. Peuquet and N. Duan. “An event-based spatiotemporal data model (ESTDM) for temporal analysis of geographic data,” International Journal of Geographic Information Systems, Vol. 9(1):7–24, 1995.
R. Ramakrishnan, C. Collier, and D. Behr. “Standard location referencing system: Road name ID scheme,” in Proceedings of the IVHS America 1994 Annual Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, 620–624, 1994.
S. Reynolds. “Architectural TRENDS—A Real-time Distributed Database for Europe,” Traffic Technology International, 37–39, February/March 1998.
N. Ritter and M. Ruth. GeoTIFF Format Specification, GeoTIFF Revision 1.0, 1995.
D. Rogerson. Inside COM. Microsoft's Component Object Model. Microsoft Press: Redmond, Washington, 1997.
R. Sessions. COM and DCOM. Microsoft's Vision for Distributed Objects. John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1998.
D. Siegel, C. Goodwin, and S. Gordon. “ITS Datum Prototype Final Design Report,” report prepared for U.S. Federal Highway Administration, June 1996.
J. Sutton. “Integrating GIS-T and IVHS: Data sharing for dynamic transportation modeling,” in Proceedings of the IVHS America Annual Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, 699–707, 1994.
A.P. Tarko and N.M. Rouphail. “Intelligent traffic data processing for ITS applications,” Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 123(4):298–307, 1997.
P.J. Tarnoff. “Evolution or control,” Traffic Technology International, 32–35, February/March 1998.
J.W. van Roessel. “Design of a spatial data structure using the relational normal forms,” International Journal of Geographic Information Systems, Vol. 1(1):33–50, 1987.
A. Vonderohe, C. Chou, F. Sun, and T. Adams. “Results of a workshop on a generic data model for linear referencing systems,” in Proceedings of Geographic Information Systems for Transportation Symposium (GIS-T), Sparks, Nevada, 23–56, 1995.
T. Vijlbrief and P. van Oosterom. “The GEO + + system: An extensible GIS,” in Proceedings of 5th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Charleston, South Carolina, 40–50, 1992.
J. Wang and S. Scott. “IVHS traveller information interchange: The state of the standards,” in Proceedings of the IVHS America Annual Meeting Atlanta, Georgia, 614–619, 1994.
T.C. Waugh and R.G. Healey. “The GEOVIEW design. A relational database approach to geographical data handling,” International Journal of Geographic Information Systems, Vol. 1(2):101–118, 1987.
D. Xiong and R.S. Gordon. “Data structure and information coding for ITS location referencing messages,” in Proceedings of Geographic Information Systems for Transportation Symposium (GIS-T), Sparks, Nevada, 165–177, 1995.
D. Xiong, R.S. Gordon, and F.E. Latham. “Spatial data integration and interoperability for ITS,” in Proceedings of Geographic Information Systems for Transportation Symposium (GIS-T), Salt Lake, Utah, 107-120, 1998.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xiong, D., Lin, H. Spatial Data Handling for ITS: Perspective, Issues and Approaches. GeoInformatica 4, 215–230 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009832424731
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009832424731