Skip to main content
Log in

Towards a Reference Model for Surveying Mobile Agent Systems

  • Published:
Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

There are increasing numbers of systems and research projects involving software agents and mobile agents. However, there is no reference model or conceptual framework to compare the resulting systems. In this paper, we propose a reference model to identify, classify and evaluate mobile agent systems having a significant set of non-trivial architectural issues and technical and functional features in order to support agent-based applications. Our proposed reference model describes a generic and global architecture and identifies a set of technical and functional features. The items analyzed include the following: execution, management of agent types, management of identifiers, persistence, navigation, communication, interaction with external resources, and security. We apply this reference model to analyze, compare, and discuss some well-known mobile agent systems: Telescript, Aglets, ffMain, D'Agents, and AgentSpace.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ad Astra Engineering, Inc., “Jumping Beans white paper,” 1999, http://www.JumpingBeans.com.

  2. Y. Artsy and R. Finkel, “Designing a process migration facility: The Charlotte experience,” IEEE Comput. Sept. 1989.

  3. J. Baumann, C. Tschudin, and J. Vitek (eds.), Proc. 2nd ECOOP Workshop Mobile Object Syst., Dpunkt, 1996.

  4. D. Chess. C. Harrison, and A. Kershenbaum, “Mobile agents: Are they a good idea?” in [65].

  5. P. Ciancarini, A. Knoche, R. Tolksdorf, and F. Vitali, “PageSpace: An architecture to coordinate distribute applications on the Web,” Comput Networks ISDN Syst. vol. 28, pp. 7-11, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Darmouth College, “D'agents: mobile agents at Darmouth College,” 1988, http://www.cs.dartmouth. edu/~agent/.

  7. G. Colouris, J. Dollimore, and T. Kindberg, Distributed Systems Concepts and Design, 2nd ed. Addison-Wesley: 1994.

  8. World Wide Web Consortium, “Extensible markup language (XML),” 1998, http://www.w3c.org/ XML/.

  9. Inprise Corp., “VisiBroker-distributed object connectivity software,” 1998, http://www.inprise.com/ visibroker/.

  10. D. Milojicic et al. “MASIF, the OMG mobile agent system interoperability facility,” in Proc. 2nd Int. Workshop Mobile Agents, 1998.

  11. M. Mira da Silva and A. Rodrigues Silva, “Insisting on persistent mobile agent systems with an example application area,” in Proce. First Inter. Workshop Mobile Agents, 1997.

  12. T. Dierks and C. Allen, “The TLS protocal,” Technical Report RFC 2246, USC Information Sciences Inst., January 1998.

  13. G. Eddon and H. Eddon, Inside Distributed COM, Microsoft Press, 1998.

  14. D. Riecken (ed.). “Special issue: Intelligent agents,” Commun. ACM, vol. 37, no. 7, 1994.

  15. S. Mullender (ed.). Distributed Systems, 2nd. ed., ACM Press/Addison-Wesley, 1993.

  16. A. Hshuga et al., “Plangent: an approach to make mobile agents intelligent,” IEEE Internet Comput. Vol. 1, no. 4, 1998.

  17. E. Kendall et al., “A Java application framework for agent based systems,” in Proc. Conf. Pattern Languages Programming Comput. (PLoP'97), 1997.

  18. Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents (FIPA), FIPA 97 Speci.cation, Version 2.0, Part2, Agent Communication Language, 1998, http://drogo.cselt.stet.it/.pa/spec/.pa97/.pa97.htm.

  19. W. Ford and M. Baum, Secure Electronic Commerce, Prentice Hall, 1997.

  20. E. Freeman, “Linda group,” 1996, http://www.cd.yale.edu/HTML/YALE/CS/Linda/linda.html.

  21. O. Freier, P. Karlton, and P. Kocher, “The SSL Protocol, Version 3.0. Technical Report Internet Draft” (work in progress), Netscape Communications, 1996.

  22. D. Gelernter, “Generative communications in Linda,” ACM Trans. Programming Languages Syst. vol. 7, no. 1, 1985.

  23. M. Genesereth and S. Ketchpel, “Software agents,” in [14].

  24. IKV++ GmbH, “GrassHopper, an intelligent mobile agent platform written in 100% pure Java,” 1998.

  25. R. Gray, “Agent Tcl: a transportable agent system, in Proc. CIKM Workshop Intell Inform Agnets (CIKM'95), 1995.

  26. Mitsubishi Electric ITA, “Concordia,” 1999, http://www.meita.com/HSL/Projects/Concordia.

  27. N. Jennings, K. Sycara, and M. Wooldridge, “A roadmap of agent research and development, Auton. Agents Multi-Agent Syst. vol. 1, no. 1, 1998.

  28. D. Johansen, R. Renesse, and F. Schneider, “Operating system support for mobile agents, in Proc. 5th Workshop Hot Topics Operating Syst. 1995.

  29. Y. Labrou and T. Finn, “A proposal for a new KQML speci.cation,” Technical Report CS-97-03, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1997, http://www.cs.umbc.edu/kqml/.

  30. D. Lange and M. Oshima, Programming and Deploying Java Mobile Agents with Aglets, Addison-Wesley, 1998.

  31. A. Lingnau, O. Drobnik, and P. Domel. “An HTTP-based infrastructure for mobile agents, WWW J. (Fourth Int. WWW Conf.), December 1995.

  32. B. Liskov, “Distributed programming in Argus,” Commun. ACM, vol. 31, no. 3, 1988.

  33. H. Lockhart, OSF DCE Guide to Developing Distributed Applications, McGraw-Hill, 1994.

  34. General Magic, Inc. Tabriz Ware, 1995, http://www.genmagic.com/Tabriz/.

  35. General Magic, Inc. Telescript Technology: An Introduction to the Language, 1996.

  36. General Magic, Inc. Odyssey Product Information, 1997, http://www.genmagic.com/agents/odyssey.html (not available any more).

  37. D. Milojicic, F. Douglis, and R. Wheeler (eds.). Mobility: Processes, Computers and Agents, Addison-Wesley/ACM Press, 1999.

  38. D. Milojicic, W. LaForge, and D. Chauhan, “Mobile objects and agents, design, implementation and lessons learned,” IEE, Vol. 5, 1998. Also appeared in Proc. Fourth USENIX Conf. Object-Oriented Technol. Syst. (COOTS'98), Santa Fe, New Mexico, April 1998.

  39. P.Mockapetris, “Domain names: Concepts and facilities,” Technical Report RFC 1034, USC Information Sciences Inst., November 1987.

  40. P. Nixon and V. Cahill (eds.), “Special issue on mobile computing,” IEEE Internet Comput. vol. 2, no. 1, 1998.

  41. H. Nwana, “Software agents: An overview,” Know. Eng. Rev. vol. 11, no. 3, 1996.

  42. ObjectSpace, Inc., “The ObjectSpace Voyager Universal ORB,” 1999, http://www.objectspace.com.

  43. University of Stuttgart, “The mobile agent list,” 1999, http://www.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/ ipvr/vs/projekte/mole/mal/mal.html.

  44. A. Park and S. Leuker, “A multi-agent architecture supporting services Accesses, in [50].

  45. H. Peine and T. Stolpmann, “The architecture of the Ara platform for mobile agents, in [50].

  46. A. Rao and P. Georgeff, “BDI agents: From theory to practice,” in Proc. First Int. Conf. Multi-Agent Syst. 1995.

  47. IBM Research, IBM Aglets software development kit,” Technical Report home page, Tokyo Research Laboratory, Japan, 1997, http://www.ibm.co.jp/trl/aglets.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Reticular Systems, Inc. “Agent construction tools,” 1999, http://www.agentbuilder.com/AgentTools.

  49. R. Rivest, A. Shamir, and L. Adleman, “A method for obtainig digital structures and public-key cryptosystems, Commun. ACM. vol. 21, no. 2, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  50. K. Rothermel and R. Popescu-Zeletin (eds.), Mobile Agents'97, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1219, Springer-Verlag, 1997.

  51. T. Sander and C. Tschudin, “Protecting mobile agents against malicious hosts,” in G. Vigna (ed.), Mobile Agents and Security, Springer-Verlag, 1997.

  52. B. Schneier, Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1995.

  53. M. Shapiro, “Structure and encapsulation in distributed systems: The PROXY principle,” in Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Distributed Computing Syst. May 1986.

  54. M. Shapiro, P. Dickman, and D. Plainfossi, “Robust, distributed references and acyclic garbage collection, in Proc. Symp. Principles of Distributed Computing, August 1992. towards a reference model for surveying mobile agent systems 231

  55. A. Rodrigues Silva, Agentes de Software na Internet, Edi¸cÕoes Centro Atlâa ntico, 1999 (in Portuguese).

  56. A. Rodrigues Silva, M. Mira da Silva, and J. Delgado, “A survey of web information systems,” in Proc. World Conf. WWW, Internet & Intranet (WebNet'97), Toronto, Canada, November 1997.

  57. A. Rodrigues Silva, M. Mira da Silva, and J. Delgado, “AgentSpace: an implementation of a nextgeneration mobile agent system,” in Proceedings of Mobile Agents'98, Stuttgart, Germany, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1477, Springer-Verlag, 1998.

  58. A. Rodrigues Silva and J. Delgado, “The agent pattern: A design pattern for dynamic and distributed applications,” in Proc. Eur. Confe. Pattern Languages Programming Syst. (EuroPLoP'98), Irsee, Germany, 1998.

  59. M. P. Singh, “Agent communication languages: rethinking the principles,” vol. 31, no. 12, 1988.

  60. FTPSoftware, “CyberAgents,” http://www.ftp.com/cyberagents/ (not available any more).

  61. M. Strasser, J. Baumann, and F. Hohl, “Mole: A Java-based mobile object system,” in [3].

  62. Sun Microsystems, Inc., “The Java development kit (JDK)”, http://java.sun.com/jdk/.

  63. Sun Microsystems, Inc. and JavaSoft, Inc., “Java remote method invocation (RMI),” http:// www.javasoft.com/products/jdk/rmi.

  64. Iona Technologies, “OrbixWeb 3-The Internet ORB,” 1998, http://www.iona.com/products/ internet/ orbixweb/.

  65. J. Vitek and C. Tschudin, Mobile Object Systems-Towards the Programmable Internet, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1222, Springer-Verlag, 1997.

  66. E. Walker, R. Floyd, and P. Neves, “Asynchronous remote operation execution in distributed systems,” in Proc. 10th Int. Conf. Distributed Computing Syst., IEEE, 1990.

  67. B. Welch, “Naming, state management and user-level extensions in the Sprite distributed file system, Ph.D. thesis, University of California at Berkeley, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  68. J. White, “Telescript technology: The foundation for the electronic marketplace,” Technical report, General Magic, Inc., 1994.

  69. J. White, “Telescript technology: An introduction to the language,” in J. Bradshaw (ed.), Software Agents, AAAI/MIT Press, 1997.

  70. U. Wilhelm, L. Butty´ann, and S. Staamann, “On the problem of trust in mobile agent systems, in Proc. Symp. Network Distributed Syst. Security, San Diego, March 1998.

  71. U. Wilhelm and X. DeFago. “Objects protégés cryptographiquement,” in Proc. RenPar'9, Lausanne, Switzerland, May 1997.

  72. D. Wong, N. Paciorek, T. Walsh, J. DiCelie, M. Young, and B. Peet, “Concordia: An infrastructure for collaborating mobile agents,” in Proc. First Int. Workshop on Mobile Agents, 1997.

  73. M. Wooldridge and N. Jennings, “Intelligent agents: Theory and practice, Knowle. Eng. Rev. vol. 10, no. 2, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  74. B. Yee, “A sanctuary for mobile agents,” in proce. DARPA Workshop Foundations for Secure Mobile Code, Monterey, CA, March 1997.

  75. P. Zimmermann, “PGP User's Guide,” MIT Press, 1994.

  76. D. Box et al., “Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 1.1,” W3C Note May 2000, http://www. w3.org/TR/SOAP/.

  77. E. Christensen et al., “Web Services Description Language (WSDL) 1.1,” W3C Note March 2001, http://www.w3.org/TR/wsdl/.

  78. UDD1 Consortium, “UDD1 Technical White Paper,” September 2000, http://www.uddi.org/.

  79. V. Matena, and B. Stearns, “Applying Enterprise Java Beans: Component-Based Development for the J2EE Platform,” Addison-Wesley, 2000.

  80. Hewlett-Packard, “Developing E-speak Enabled Services-White Paper,” 2001, http://www. e-speak.hp.com/.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Silva, A.R., Romão, A., Deugo, D. et al. Towards a Reference Model for Surveying Mobile Agent Systems. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 4, 187–231 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011443827037

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011443827037

Navigation