Abstract
Mobile code has been championed as a solution to a plethora of software problems. This paper describes investigative work undertaken in order to evaluate the mobile code abstractions of Mobile Agents and Mobile Objects, and to understand the implications of using these abstractions to build distributed systems.
We describe two systems built to support the Sales Order Process of a distributed manufacturing enterprise, using IBM's Aglets Software Development Kit. The Sales Order Process model and the requirements for agility used as the basis for these implementations are derived from data collected in an industrial case study.
Both systems are evaluated using the Goal/Question/Metric methodology. Two new metrics for Semantic Alignment and Change Capability are presented and used to evaluate each system with respect to the degree of system agility supported. The systems are evaluated through a set of scenarios generated during the case study in an attempt to see if they support system integration and agility in the manufacturing domain. Further we examine the implications of using a mobile code abstraction when compared with the abstraction offered by traditional distribution technology.
The work described provides evidence that both Mobile Agent and Mobile Object systems have inherent properties that can be used to build agile distributed systems. Further, Mobile Agents with their additional autonomy provide marginally greater support.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
V. R. Basili, G. Caldiera, and H. D. Rombach, “The goal question metric approach,” in Encyclopedia of Software Engineering, Wiley and Sons: New York, 1994, pp. 528–532.
W. Boehm, J. R. Brown, M. Lipow, “Quantitative evaluation of software quality,” in Proceedings 2nd International Conference on Software Engineering, 1976, pp. 592–605.
D. Chess, C. Harrison, and A. Kershenbaum, “Mobile agents: Are they a good idea?” in J. Vitek and C. Tschudin (eds.), Mobile Object Systems, Towards the Programmable Internet, vol. 1222, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1997.
P. E. Clements, T. Papaioannou, and J. M. Edwards, “Aglets: Enabling the virtual enterprise,” in Wright, Rudolph, Hanna, Gillingwater, and Burns (eds.), Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Managing Enterprises-Stakeholders, Engineering, Logistics and Achievement, ME-SELA-'97, Mechanical Engineering Publications, Loughborough University, July 1997, ISBN 1–86058–066–1, pp. 425–432.
I. Coutts and J. Edwards, “Support for component based systems: Can contemporary technology cope?,” in L. M. Camarinha-Matos et al. (eds.), Intelligent Systems For Manufacturing, Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 0–412–84670–5, 1998, pp. 279–288.
S. Franklin and A. Graesser, “Is it an agent, or just a program?: A taxonomy for autonomous agents,” in Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Agent Theories, Architectures, and Languages, Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1996.
R. Gray, Agent Tcl: A Flexible and Secure Mobile-Agent System, PhD thesis, Dept. of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, 1997.
ISO, (1992), International Standards Organisation, Basic Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing, Part 1: Overview and Guide to Use, ISO/IECJTC1/SC212/WG7 CD 10746-l, 1992.
J. Kiniry and D. Zimmerman, “A hands-on look at Java mobile agents,” IEEE Internet Computing, vol. 1, no. 4, 1997.
M. Kogure and Y. Akao, “Quality function deployment and CWQC in Japan,” in Quality Progress, October 1983, pp. 25–29.
D. B. Lange and M. Oshima, “Mobile agents with Java: The aglet API,” World Wide Web Journal, 1998.
D. B. Lange and M. Oshima, “Seven good reasons for mobile agents,” Comm. ACM, vol. 42 no. 3, 1999, pp. 88–89.
J. A. McCall, P. K. Z. Richards, and G. F. Walters, Factors in Software Quality, Rome Air Development Centre, RADC TR–77–369, 1977.
N. Minar, M. Gray, O. Roup, R. Krikorian, and P. Maes, “Hive: Distributed agents for networking things,” Proceedings of First International Symposium of Agent Systems and Applications and 3rd International Symposium on Mobile Agents, IEEE Computer Society, 1999.
MML, The Mobility Mailing List, http://mobility.lboro.ac.uk
ObjectSpace: Voyager Core Package Technical Overview, 1997, http://www.objectspace.com/Voyager.
OMG, Object Management Group, The Common Object Request Broker: Architecture and Specification, Object Management Group Inc. 492 Old Connecticut Path, Framingham, MA., USA, 1994.
R. Orfali, D. Harkey, and J. Edwards, The Essential Distributed Objects Survival Guide, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1996.
T. Papaioannou and J. M. Edwards, “Using mobile agents to improve the alignment between manufacturing and its IT support systems,” Journal of Robotics and Autonomous Systems, vol. 27, pp. 45–57, 1999.
T. Papaioannou and N. Minar, “Mobile agents in the context of competition and cooperation,” in Proceedings of the MAC3 Workshop, Part of Autonomous Agents '99 Conference, Seattle, 1999.
K. Rothermel and F. Hohl (eds.), “Mobile agents,” in Proceedings of the Second International Workshop, Stuttgart, Germany, September 1998, vol. 1477 Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer-Verlag, 1998.
R. V. Solingen, and E. Berghour, The Goal/Question/Metric Method, McGraw Hill, ISBN 0–07–709553–7.
System Software Associates Inc., BPCS Client/Server Distributed Object Computing Architecture, 1995.
M. Straβer, J. Baumann, and F. Hohl, “Mole-A Java based mobile agent system,” in Special Issues in Object-Oriented Programming, Workshop Reader ECOOP'96, Springer-Verlag, 1996, pp. 327–334.
Sun Microsystems Inc., “Java Remote Method Invocation Specification,” Revision 1.50., 1998.
Vinoski, S., Chief Architect at Iona Technologies Inc., comment made in dist-obj mailing list, 15 July 1999.
J. Vitek and C. Tschudin (eds.) Mobile Object Systems, Towards the Programmable Internet, vol. 1.222, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1997.
J. E. White, Telescript Technology: The Foundation for the Electronic Marketplace, White Paper, General Magic Inc., 1994, also appears in Software Agents, J. M. Baradshaw (ed.), MIT Press, 1997, ISBN 0–262–52234–9.
J. Waldo, G. Wyant, A. Wollrath, and S. Kendall, A Note on Distributed Computing, Sun Microsystems Technical Report SML 94–29, 1994.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Papaioannou, T., Edwards, J. Building Agile Systems with Mobile Code. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 4, 293–310 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012758908423
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012758908423