Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Model Scenarios for Direction-Selective Adaptive Antennas in Cellular Mobile Communication Systems – Scanning the Literature

  • Published:
Wireless Personal Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Intelligent antennas offer the possibility of greatly increasing the capacity of cellular mobile radio systems. We give a comprehensive overview of the literature concerning model scenarios for applications of direction-selective intelligent antennas. Measurement campaigns and simplified models are described that have been derived from these measurements or from physical considerations. Furthermore, directional fading simulators are reviewed which are essential for testing of smart antenna systems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. G.J. Foschini, "Layered Space-Time Architecture for Wireless Communication in a Fading Environment when Using Multi-Element Antennas", Bell. Labs. Techn. J., pp. 41–59, Autumn 1996.

  2. A.J. Paulraj and C.B. Papadias, "Space-Time Processing for Wireless Communications", IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Vol. 14, No. 6, pp. 49–83, Nov. 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  3. A.J. Paulraj and E. Lindskog, "Taxonomy of Space-Time Processing for Wireless Networks", IEE Proc. Radar, Sonar and Navigation, Vol. 145, No. 1, pp. 25–31, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  4. M. Mouly and M. Pautet: The GSM System forMobile Communications, Cell & Sys, 1992, ISBN 2-9507190-0-7.

  5. TIA/EIA Interim Standard IS95: Mobile Station – Base Station Compatibility Standard for Dual-Mode Wideband Spread Spectrum Cellular System, Telecommunications Industry Association, 1993.

  6. N. Nakajima, M. Kuramoto and K. Kinoshita, "Development of a Digital Cellular System Using TDMA Technique", in IEEE Conf. Proc. ICC '91, 1991, pp. 12–15.

  7. F. Adachi, M. Sawahashi, T. Dohi and K. Ohno, "Coherent DS-CDMA: Promising Multiple Access for Wireless Multimedia Communications", in IEEE Conf. Proc. ISSSTA '96, Mainz, 1996, pp. 351–358.

  8. A. Urie, M. Streeton and C. Mourot, "An Advanced TDMA Mobile Access System for UMTS", IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, pp. 38–47, Feb. 1995.

  9. G. Andermo and G. Brismark, "CODIT, a Testbed Project Evaluating DS-CDMA for UMTS/FPLMT", in IEEE Conf. Proc. VTC '94, Stockholm, 1994, pp. 21–25.

  10. T. Ojanperä, J. Castro, D. Emmer, M. Gudmunson, P. Jung, A. Klein, G. Kramer, R. Pirhonen, L. Rademacher, J. Sköld and A. Toskala, "FRAMES – Hybrid Multiple Access Technology", in IEEE Conf. Proc. ISSSTA '96, Mainz, 1996, pp. 320–324.

  11. F. Ovesjö, E. Dahlman, T. Ojanperä, A. Toskala, A. Klein, R. Pirhonen, J. Sköld and R. Suoranta, "FRAMES Multiple Access Mode 2 – Wideband CDMA", in IEEE Conf. Proc. PIMRC '97, Helsinki, 1997, pp. 42–46.

  12. A. Klein, R. Pirhonen, J. Sköld and R. Suoranta, "FRAMES Multiple Access Model 1 – Wideband TDMA with and without Spreading", in IEEE Conf. Proc. PIMRC '97, Helsinki, 1997, pp. 37–41.

  13. P. Mogensen, F. Frederiksen, H. Dam, K. Oelsen and S. Larsen, "TSUMAMI (II) Stand Alone Testbed", in Conf. Proc. ACTS Mobile Telecommunications Summit, Granada, November 1996, pp. 517–527.

  14. B. Fleury, D. Dahlhaus, R. Heddergott and M. Tschudin, "Wideband Angle of Arrival Estimation Using the SAGE Algorithm", in IEEE Conf. Proc. ISSSTA '96, Mainz, 1996, pp. 79–85.

  15. K.I. Pedersen, B.H. Fleury and P.E. Mogensen, "High Resolution of ElectromagneticWaves in Time-Varying Radio Channels", in IEEE Conf. Proc. PIMRC '97, Helsinki, 1997, pp. 650–654.

  16. P.E. Mogensen, K.I. Pedersen, P.L. Espensen, B. Fleury, F. Frederiksen, K. Oelsen and S.L. Larsen, "Preliminary Measurement Results from an Adaptive Array Testbed for GSM/UMTS", in IEEE Conf. Proc. VTC '97, 1997, pp. 1592–1596.

  17. K.I. Pedersen, P.E. Mogensen, B.H. Fleury, F. Frederiksen, K. Oleson and S.L. Larsen, "Analysis of Time, Azimuth and Doppler Dispersion in Outdoor Radio Channels", in Conf. Proc. ACTS Mobile Communication Summit '97, Aalborg, October 1997.

  18. K.I. Pedersen, P.E. Mogensen and B.H. Fleury, "Power Azimuth Spectrum in Outdoor Environments", El. Lett., Vol. 33, pp. 1583–1584, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  19. K.I. Pedersen, P.E. Mogensen and B.H. Fleury, "Spatial Channel Characteristics in Outdoor Environments and Their Impact on BS Antenna System Performance", IEEE Conf. Proc. VTC '98, Ottawa, pp. 719–723, 1998.

  20. U. Trautwein, K. Blau, D. Brückner, F. Herrmann, A. Richter, G. Sommerkorn and R. Thomä, "Radio Channel Measurement for Realistic Simulation of Adaptive Antenna Arrays", in 2nd European Personal Mobile Communications Conference '97/3rd ITG-Fachtagung Mobile Kommunikation '97, Bonn, September 1997, pp. 491–498.

  21. K. Schwarz, U. Martin and H.W. Schüßler, "Devices for Propagation Measurements in Mobile Radio Channels", in IEEE Conf. Proc. PIMRC '93, Yokohama, 1993, pp. 387–391.

  22. K.Wirnitzer, "RUSK – Systems forWide Band Measurement of Time-Variant and Mobile Radio Channels", Document WT92OD.290, MEDAV Digitale Signalverarbeitung GmbH, Uttenreuth, August 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  23. J. Lähteenmäki, "Characterization of Indoor Radio Propagation for Future Mobile Systems", in Conf. Proc. 5th Nordic Seminar on Digital Radio Communications, Helsinki, 1992, pp. 361–366.

  24. P.C.F. Eggers, "Angular Dispersive Mobile Radio Environments Sensed by Highly Directive Base Station Antennas", in IEEE Conf. Proc. PIMRC '95, Toronto, 1995, pp. 522–526.

  25. P.C.F. Eggers, "Einfluß der Geländestreuung auf die Strahlungseigenschaften von Basisstationsrichtantennen für Mobilfunksysteme" (in German), Nachrichtentechnik/Elektronik, Berlin, November 1995 (4/95), pp. 57–62.

    Google Scholar 

  26. P.W. Baier, A. Klein, W. Mohr, R. Thomas, P. Weber and B. Wirth, "Verfahren zum richtungsauflösenden, breitbandigen Bestimmen von Mobilfunk-Kanalimpulsantworten durch Messung und Nachverarbeitung" (in German), in ITG Diskussionssitzung Antennen '96, Starnberg, April 1996.

  27. T. Fehlhauer, P.W. Baier, W. König and W. Mohr, "Optimized Wideband System for Unbiased Mobile Radio Channel Sounding with Periodic Spread Spectrum signals", IEICE Trans. on Communications, E76-B, pp. 1016–1029, 1993.

  28. A. Klein, W. Mohr, R. Thomas, P. Weber and B. Wirth, "Direction-of-Arrival of Partial Waves in Wideband Mobile Radio Channels for Intelligent Antenna Concepts", in IEEE Conf. Proc. VTC '96, Vol. 2, Atlanta, 1996, pp. 844–848.

    Google Scholar 

  29. A. Klein and W. Mohr, "A Statistical Wideband Mobile Radio Channel Model Including the Directions-of-Arrival", in IEEE Conf. Proc. ISSSTA '96, Mainz, 1996, pp. 102–106.

  30. T. Lo and J. Litva, "Angles of Arrival of Indoor Multipath", El. Lett., Vol. 28, pp. 1687–1689, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  31. P.A. Matthews, D. Molkdar and B. Mohebbi, "Direction of Arrival and Frequency Response Measurements at UHF", in Fifth IEE Intern. Conf. Mobile Radio, 1989, pp. 43–47.

  32. P.A. Matthews and B. Mohebbi, "Direction of Arrival Measurements at UHF", El. Lett., Vol. 25, pp. 1069–1070, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  33. H. Krim and M. Viberg, "Two Decades of Array Signal Processing – the Parametric Approach", IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, pp. 67–94, July 1996.

  34. J. Fuhl, J.-P. Rossi and E. Bonek, "High Resolution 3-D Direction-of-Arrival Determination for Urban Mobile Radio", IEEE Trans. AP, Vol. 45, pp. 672–682, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  35. M. Haardt: Efficient One-, Two-, and Multidimensional High-Resolution Array Signal Processing, Hrsg. J.A. Nossek, Shaker Verlag, ISBN 3-8265-2220-6, 1996.

  36. Y.L.C. de Jong and M.H.A.J. Herben, "Accurate Identification of Scatterers for Improved Microcell Propagation Modelling", in IEEE Conf. Proc. PIRMC '97, 1997, pp. 645–649.

  37. U. Martin, "Spatio-Temporal Radio Channel Characteristics in Urban Macrocells", IEE Proc. Radar, Sonar and Navigation, Vol. 145, No. 1, pp. 42–49, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  38. P. Pajusco, "Experimental Characterization of DOA at the Base Station in Rural and Urban Area", in Proc. IEEE VTC '98, 1998, pp. 993–997.

  39. Q. Spencer, M. Rice, B. Jeffs and M. Jensen, "IndoorWideband Time/angle of ArrivalMultipath Propagation Results", in IEEE Conf. Proc. VTC '97, 1997, pp. 1410–1414.

  40. S. Guerin, "Indoor Wideband and Narrowband Propagation Measurements around 60.5 GHz in an Empty and Furnished Room", in IEEE Conf. Proc. VTC '96, 1996, pp. 160–164.

  41. J.G.Wang, A.S. Mohan and T.A. Aubrey, "Angles-of-Arrival of Multipath Signals in Indoor Environments", in IEEE Conf. Proc. VTC '96, 1996, pp. 155–159.

  42. M. Failli<nt>(ed.)</nt>, "Digital Land Mobile Radio Communications", COST 207 Final Report, ISBN 92-825-9946-9, 1989.

  43. B. Fleury and P.E. Leuthold, "Radiowave Propagation in Mobile Communications: An Overview of European Research", IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 70–81, Feb. 1996.

  44. E. Damosso and L. Correira<nt>(eds.)</nt>, "Digital Mobile Radio: COST 231 View on the Evolution towards 3rd Generation Systems", COST 231 Final Report, 1998 (to be published).

  45. J.J. Blanz, P.W. Baier and P. Jung, "A Flexibly Configurable Statistical Channel Model for Mobile Radio Systems with Directional Diversity", in Conf. Proc. 2nd ITG-Fachtagung Mobile Kommunikation '95, Neu-Ulm, September 1995, pp. 93–100.

  46. U. Martin and M. Grigat, "A Statistical Simulation Model for the Directional Mobile Radio Channel and Its Configuration", in IEEE Conf. Proc. ISSSTA '96, Mainz, 1996, pp. 86–90.

  47. P. Zetterberg, P. Leth-Espensen and P. Mogensen, "Propagation, Beamsteering and Uplink Combining Algorithms for Cellular Systems", in Conf. Proc. ACTS Mobile Telecommunications Summit, Granada, November 1996, pp. 500–509.

  48. A. Stephenne and B. Champagne, "A New Multipath Vector Channel Simulator for the Performance Evaluation of Antenna Array Systems", in IEEE Conf. Proc. PIMRC '97, Helsinki, 1997, pp. 1125–1129.

  49. J. Fuhl, A.F. Molisch and E. Bonek, "Unified Channel Model for Mobile Radio Systems with Smart Antennas", IEE Proc. Radar, Sonar and Navigation, Vol. 145, No. 1, pp. 32–41, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  50. B.H. Fleury, U.P. Bernhard, and R. Heddergott, "Advanced Radio Channel Model for Magic WAND", in Conf. Proc. ACTS Mobile Telecommunications Summit '96, Granada, 1996, pp. 600–607.

  51. R. Heddergott, U.P. Bernhard and B.H. Fleury, "Stochastic Radio Channel Model for Advanced Indoor Mobile Communication Systems", in IEEE Conf. Proc. PIRMC '97, 1997, pp. 140–144.

  52. Q. Spencer, M. Rice, B. Jeffs and M. Jensen, "A Statistical Model for Angle of Arrival in Indoor Multipath Propagation", in IEEE Conf. Proc. VTC '97, 1997, pp. 1415–1419.

  53. M. Lu, R. Lo and J. Litva, "A Physical Spatio-TemporalModel ofMultipath Propagation Channels", in IEEE Conf. Proc. VTC '97, 1997, pp. 810–814.

  54. G. Raleigh, S.N. Diggavi, A.F. Naguib and A. Paulraj, "Characterization of Fast Fading Vector Channels for Multi-Antenna Communication Systems", in IEEE Asilomar Conf. on Signals, Computer and Systems, 1994, pp. 853–857.

  55. O. Norklit, P.C.F. Eggers and J. Bach Andersen, "Jitter Diversity in Multipath Environments", in IEEE Conf. Proc. VTC '95, Chicago, 1995, pp. 853–857.

  56. O. Norklit, P.C.F. Eggers, P. Zetterberg and J. Bach Andersen, "The Angular Aspect of Wideband Modelling and Measurements", in IEEE Conf. Proc. ISSSTA '96, Mainz, 1996, pp. 73–78.

  57. J.C. Liberti and T.S. Rappaport, "A Geometrically Based Model for Line-of-Sight Multipath Radio Channels", in IEEE Conf. Proc. VTC '96, Atlanta, 1996, pp. 844–848.

  58. P. Petrus, J.H. Reed and T.S. Rappaport, "Geometrically Based Statistical Channel Model for Macrocellular Mobile Environments", in IEEE Conf. Proc. Globecom '96, 1996, pp. 1197–1201.

  59. J.J. Blanz, A. Klein and W. Mohr, "Measurement-Based Parameter Adaption of Wideband Spatial Mobile Radio Channel Models", IEEE Conf. Proc. ISSSTA '96, Mainz, 1996, pp. 91–97.

  60. U. Martin, "Echo Estimation – Deriving Simulation Models for the Mobile Radio Channel", in IEEE Conf. Proc. VTC '95, Chicago, 1995, pp. 231–235.

  61. M. Haardt, C. Brunner and J.A. Nossek, "Efficient High-Resolution 3-D Channel Sounding", in IEEE Conf. Proc. VTC '98, Ottawa, pp. 164–168, 1998.

  62. F. Adachi, M.T. Feeney, A.G.Williamson and J.D. Parsons, "Crosscorrelation between the Envelopes of 900 MHz Signals Received at a Mobile Radio Base Station Site", IEE Proc., vol. 133, Pt. F, No. 6, pp. 506–512, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  63. W.C.Y. Lee, "Effects on Correlations between Two Mobile Base-Station Antennas", IEEE Trans. Communications, Vol. 21, pp. 1214–1224, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  64. J. Salz and J.H. Winters, "Effect of Fading Correlation on Adaptive Arrays in Digital Mobile Radio", IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 43, pp. 1049–1057, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  65. R.H. Clarke and W.L. Khoo, "3-D Mobile Radio Channel Statistics", IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technology, Vol. 46, pp. 798–799, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  66. P. Petrus, J.H. Reed and T.S. Rappaport, "Effect of Directional Antennas at the Base Station on the Doppler", IEEE Comm. Lett., Vol. 1, pp. 40–43, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  67. F. Vatalaro and A. Forcella, "Doppler Spectrum in Mobile-to-Mobile Communications in the Presence of Three-Dimensional Multipath Scattering", IEEE Trans. Vehicular Techn., Vol. 46, pp. 213–219, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  68. M. Gudmundson, "Correlation Model for Shadow Fading in Mobile Radio Systems", El. Lett., Vol. 27, pp. 2145–2146, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  69. D. Giancristofaro, "Correlation Model for Shadow Fading in Mobile Radio Channels", El. Lett., Vol. 32, pp. 958–959, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  70. R.B. Ertel, P. Cardieri, K.W. Sowerby, T.S. Rappaport and J.H. Reed, "Overview of Spatial Channel Models for Antenna Array Communication Systems", IEEE Personal Comm. Mag., pp. 10–22, Feb. 1998.

  71. K. Kalliola and P. Vainikainen, "Dynamic Wideband Measurement of Mobile Radio Channel with Adaptive Antennas", in Proc. IEEE VTC '98, pp. 21–25, 1998.

  72. J.G.O. Moss, M.P. Fitton, A.M. Street, K.M. Brown, C.C. Constantinou and D.J. Edwards, "Spatio-Temporal Variability Analysis of the Wideband Microcellular Environment", in Proc. IEEE VTC '98, pp. 293–297, 1998.

  73. J.J. Blanz and P. Jung, "A Flexibly Configurable Spatial Model for Mobile Radio Channels", IEEE Trans. Comm., Vol. 46, pp. 367–371, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  74. P.C.F. Eggers, "Generation of Base Station DOA Distributions by Jacobi Transformation of Scattering Areas", El. Lett., Vol. 34, pp. 24–26, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  75. M. Mahmoudi and E.S. Sousa, "A Statistical Wideband Propagation Model for Smart Antenna Systems", TIIEEE VTC '98, pp. 1004–1008, 1998.

  76. R.J. Piechocki, G.V. Tsoulos and J.P. McGeehan, "Simple General Formula for PDF of Angle of Arrival in Large Cell Operational Environments", El. Lett., Vol. 34, pp. 1784–1785, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  77. A.F. Molisch, J. Laurila and A. Kuchar, "Geometry-Based Stochastic Model for Mobile Radio Channels with Directional Component", in Proc. 2nd Intelligent Antenna Symp., Univ. Surrey, 9–10 July 1998.

  78. J. Laurila, A.F. Molisch and E. Bonek, "Influence of the Scatter Distribution on Power Delay Profiles and Azimuthal Power Spectra of Mobile Radio Channels", in Proc. ISSSTA '98, 1998, pp. 267–271.

  79. M. Bronzel, J. Jelitto, N. Lohse, G. Fettweis, R. Thomae, G. Sommerkorn, D. Hampicke, U. Trautwein, and A. Richter, "Experimental Verification of Vector Channel Models for Simulation and Design of Adaptive Antenna Array Receivers", ACTS Summit '98, pp. 424–429, 1998.

  80. A.G. Burr, "Wideband Channel Modelling Using a SpatialModel", in Proc. ISSSTA '98, 1998, pp. 255–257.

  81. O. Norklit and J. Bach Andersen, "Diffuse Channel Model and Experimental Results for Array Antennas in Mobile Environments", IEEE Trans. Antennas Prop., Vol. 46, pp. 834–840, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  82. R.B. Ertl and J.H. Reed, "Impact of Path-Loss on the Doppler Spectrum for the Geometrically Based Single Bounce Vector Channel Models", in Proc. VTC '98, 1998, pp. 586–590.

  83. T. Zwick, D. Didascalou and W. Wiesbeck, "A Broadband Statistical Channel Model for SDMA Applications", in Proc. IEEE PIMRC '98, 1998, pp. 527–531.

  84. T. Zwick, D. Didascalou and W.Wiesbeck, "A Statistical Channel Model for Indoor Environments Including Angle of Arrival", in Proc. IEEE VTC '98, 1998, pp. 615–619.

  85. J. Baltersee, "Modelling and Simulating Fading Channels for Systems with Smart Antennas", in Proc. IEEE PIRMC '98, 1998, pp. 957–961.

  86. K. Siwiak and H. Helmken, "Multipath Signal Model with Predetermined Statistics", El. Lett., Vol. 34, pp. 1611–1612, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  87. K. Sakaguchi, J.I. Takade and K. Araki, "On Measuring the Delay Profile and the Directions of Arrival by Using Super Resolution Algorithm", in Proc. IEEE VTC '98, 1998, pp. 154–158.

  88. T. Fulghum and K.Molnar, "The Jakes FadingModel Incorporating Angular Spread for a Disk of Scatterers", in IEEE Proc. VTC '98, 1998, pp. 489–493.

  89. K. Anim-Appiah, "Complex Envelope Correlations for Non-Isotropic Scattering", El. Lett., Vol. 34, pp. 918–919, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fachhochschule Mannheim, USA

    U. Martin

  2. TU Wien, INTHFT, Austria

    J. Fuhl, A. Kuchar & A.F. Molisch

  3. Deutsche Telekom AG, Technologiezentrum, Germany

    I. Gaspard

  4. TU Ilmenau, Fachgruppe Elektronische Meßtechnik, Germany

    R. Thomä

Authors
  1. U. Martin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. Fuhl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. I. Gaspard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. M. Haardt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. A. Kuchar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. C. Math
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. A.F. Molisch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. R. Thomä
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Martin, U., Fuhl, J., Gaspard, I. et al. Model Scenarios for Direction-Selective Adaptive Antennas in Cellular Mobile Communication Systems – Scanning the Literature. Wireless Personal Communications 11, 109–129 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018657214703

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018657214703

Search

Navigation