Skip to main content
Log in

simVar: A Similarity-Influenced Question Selection Criterion for e-Sales Dialogs

  • Published:
Artificial Intelligence Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Even though AI technologies like CBR have proved their strengths for intelligent sales support in EC applications, on-line customers often encounter e-sales systems that are hard to use. Before a search process is started, they either have to answer many annoying or irrelevant questions or they are faced with technical jargon of manufacturers they are not able to understand. On-line customers want personalised advice and adequate product offerings. Gaining sufficient information from the customer but also providing her with information at the right place is the key. Resulting from this fact, an automated communication process is needed that simulates the sales dialog between customers and human sales persons. This article proposes a method for question selection in e-sales dialogs based on the variance of the CBR system's inherent similarities. The method uses a similarity-influenced measure to reduce the number of questions required to find satisfactory products. Additionally, it is shown how questions can be selected on the level of abstraction appropriate to the customer's knowledge.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Annacker, D., Spiekermann, S. & Strobel, M. (2001). e-Privacy: Evaluating a New Search Cost in Online Environments. In O'Keefe, B., Loebbecke, C., Gricar, J., Pucihar, A. & Lenart, G. (eds.) e-Everything: e-Commerce, e-Government, e-Household, e-Democracy. Proc. of the 14th Bled Electronic Commerce Conference. Bled, Slovenia.

  • Auriol, E., Wess, S., Manago, M., Althoff, K.-D. & Traphöner, R. (1995). INRECA. A Seam-lessly Integrated System Based on Inductive Inference and Case-Based Reasoning. In Veloso, M. & Aamodt, A. (eds.) Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development. Proc. of the 1st International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning, ICCBR'95. LNAI 1010, Springer.

  • Bermgann, R., Richter, M. M., Schmitt, S., Stahl, A. & Vollrath, I. (2001). Utility-Oriented Matching: A New Research Direction for Case-Based Reasoning. In Vollrath, I., Schmitt, S. & Reimer U. (eds.) Proc. of the 9th German Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning, GWCBR'01. Baden-Baden, Germany. In Schnurr, H.-P., Staab, S., Studer, R., Stumme, G. & Sure, Y. (Hrsg.) Professionelles Wissensmanagement. Shaker Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergmann, R., Breen, S., Göker, M., Manago, M. & Wess, S. (1999). Developing Industrial Case-Based Reasoning Applications. The INRECA-Methodology. LNAI 1612, Springer.

  • Chin, D. & Porage, A. (2001). Acquiring User Preferences for Product Customization. In Proc. of the 8th International Conference on User Modeling, UM'01. Sonthofen, Germany.

  • Cunningham, P., Bergmann, R., Schmitt, S., Traphöner, R., Breen, S. & Smyth, B. (2001). WEBSELL: Intelligent Sales Assistants for the World Wide Web. In Weber, R. & Gresse von Wangenheim, C. (eds.) Proc. of the Workshop Program at the 4th International.Conference on Case-Based Reasoning, ICCBR-2001. Vancouver, Canada. Workshop 3: Case-Based Reasoning in Electronic Commerce.

  • Cunningham, P., Smyth, B. & Bonzano, A. (1998). An Incremental Retrieval Mechanism for Case-Based Electronic Fault Diagnosis. Knowledge-Based Systems 11(3–4).

  • Cunningham, P. & Smyth, B. (1994). A Comparison of Model-Based and Incremental Case-Based Approaches to Electronic Fault Diagnosis. In Proc. of the Case-Based Reasoning Workshop at AAAI-94.

  • Doyle, M. & Cunningham, P. (2000). A Dynamic Approach to Reducing Dialog in One-Line Decision Guides. In Blanzieri, E. & Protionale, L. (eds.) Advances in Case-Based Reasoning. Proc. of the 5th European Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning, EWCBR 2000. Trento, Italy. LNAI 1898, Springer.

  • Ferguson, A. & Bridge, D. (2000). Partial Orders and Indifference Relations: Being Purpose-fully Vague in Case-Based Retrieval. In Blanzieri, E. & Protionale, L. (eds.) Advances in Case-Based Reasoning. Proc. of the 5th European Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning, EWCBR 2000. Trento, Italy. LNAI 1898, Springer.

  • Hagen, P.R. (2000). Must Search Stink? The Forrester Report, June 2000.

  • Kohlmaier, A., Schmitt, S. & Bergmann, R. (2001a). Evaluation of a Similarity-based Approach to Customer-adaptive Electronic Sales Dialogs. In Weibelzahl, S., Chin, D. & Weber, G. (eds.) Empirical Evaluation of Adaptive Systems. Proc. of the Workshop Held at the 8th International Conference on User Modeling, UM'01. Sonthofen, Germany.

  • Kohlmaier, A., Schmitt, S. & Bergmann, R. (2001b). A Similarity-Based Approach to Selec-tion in User-Adaptive Sales Dialogs, 2001. In Aha, D.W. & Watson, I. (eds.) Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development. Proc. of the 4th International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning, ICCBR-2001. Vancouver, Canada. LNAI 2080, Springer.

  • McSherry, D. (2001). Minimizing Dialog Length in Interactive Case-Based Reasoning. In Proc. of the 17th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI-01. Seattle, USA.

  • Pearl, J. (1988). Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.

  • Quinlan, J. R. (1993). C4.5: Programs for Machine Learning. San Mateo, California: Morgan Kaufmann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raskutti, B. & Zuckerman, I. (1997). Generating Queries and Replies during Information Seeking Interactions. International Journal of Human Computer Studies 47(6).

  • Russell, S. & Norvig, P. (1995). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Prentice Hall. International Editions.

  • Schmitt, S. & Bergmann, R. (2001). A Formal Approach to Dialogs with Online Customers. In O'Keefe, B., Loebbecke, C., Gricar, J., Pucihar, A. & Lenart, G. (eds.) e-Everything: e-Commerce, e-Government, e-Household, e-Democracy. Proc. of the 14th Bled Electronic Commerce Conference. Bled, Slovenia. Vol. 1: Research.

  • Shimazu, H. (2001). ExpertClerk: Navigating Shoppers' Buying Process with the Combina-tion of Asking and Proposing. In Proc. of the 17th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI-01. Seattle, USA.

  • Smyth, B. & Cunningham, P. (1994). A Comparison of Incremental Case-Based Reasoning and Inductive Learning. In Proc. of the 2nd European Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning, EWCBR'94. Chantilly, France.

  • Stahl, A., Bergmann, R. & Schmitt, S. (2000). A Customization Approach for Structured Products in Electronic Shops. In Klein, S., O'Keefe, B., Gricar, J., Podlogar, M. (eds) Electronic Commerce – The End of the Beginning. Proc. of the 13th Bled Electronic Commerce Conference. Bled, Slovenia. Vol. 1: Research.

  • Stolze, M. & Ströbel, M. (2001). Utility-Based Decision Tree Optimization: A Framework for Adaptive Interviewing. In Proc. of the 8th International Conference on User Modeling, UM'01. Sonthofen, Germany.

  • Vollrath, I. (1998). Reuse of Complex Electronic Designs: Requirements Analysis for a CBR Application. In Smyth, B. & Cunningham, P. (eds.) Advances in Case-Based Reasoning, Proc. of the 4th European Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning, EWCBR-98. Dublin, Ireland. LNAI 1488, Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilke, W. (1998). Knowledge Management for Intelligent Sales Support in Electronic Commerce. Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Computer Science, University of Kaiser-slautern, Germany. Diski 213, infix Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilke, W., Bergmann, R. & Wess, S. (1998). Negotiation During Intelligent Sales Support with Case-Based Reasoning. In Proc. of the 6th German Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning, GWCBR'98.Germany.

  • Wilke, W., Lenz, M. & Wess, S. (1998). Intelligent Sales Support with CBR. In Lenz, M., Bartsch-Spörl, B., Burkhard, H. D. & Wess, S. (eds.) Case-Based Reasoning Technology. From Foundations to Applications. Springer.

  • Norsys Corp. (2001). The Netica API Documentation. http://www.norsys.com/ (April 2002). Orenge 3.0 Documentation (2001). empolis Knowledge Management GmbH, Germany. http://www.km.empolis.com/ (April 2002).

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Schmitt, S. simVar: A Similarity-Influenced Question Selection Criterion for e-Sales Dialogs. Artificial Intelligence Review 18, 195–221 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020745614238

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020745614238

Navigation